Diverse Cognitive Profiles of Religious Believers and Nonbelievers

References

• Badcock, C. (2009). The imprinted brain. Dexter, MI: Thomson-Shore.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2014). Why did this happen to me? Religious believers’ and non-believers’ teleological reasoning about life events. Cognition, 133, 277–303. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, K., & Gibson, N. J. (2013). Supernatural agency: Individual difference predictors and situational correlates. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23, 42–62. doi:10.1080/10508619.2013.739066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 248–254. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01904-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17. doi:10.1023/A:1005653411471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. L. (2000). Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 29–34. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01419-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, J. L. (2010). The relative unnaturalness of atheism: On why Geertz and Markússon are both right and wrong. Religion, 40, 169–172. doi:10.1016/j.religion.2009.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, P. (2003). Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 119–124. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00031-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespi, B., & Badcock, C. (2008). Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 241–261. doi:10.1017/S0140525X08004214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diduca, D., & Joseph, S. (1997). Schizotypal traits and dimensions of religiosity. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 635–638. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01270.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L. J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215–225. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurobarometer. (2010). Biotechnology (Vol. 341). Brussels: European Comission.
   Google Scholar
• Eurobarometer. (2012). Discrimination in the EU in 2012 (Vol. 393). Brussels: European Comission.
   Google Scholar
• Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19, 25–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M. (2013). Perceiving minds and gods: How mind perception enables, constrains, and is triggered by belief in Gods. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 380–394. doi:10.1177/1745691613489836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012). Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief. Science, 336, 493–496. doi:10.1126/science.1215647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Global_INDEX_of_Religiosity_and_Atheism_PR__6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hergovich, A., Schott, R., & Arendasy, M. (2008). On the relationship between paranormal belief and schizotypy among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 119–125. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A., Wheelwright, S., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., … van der Sluis, S. (2011). The construction and validation of an abridged version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 589–596. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1073-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, R. M., Nelson-Gray, R. O., Mitchell, J. T., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007). The relationship of Asperger’s characteristics and schizotypal personality traits in a non-clinical adult sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1711–1720. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0302-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong, J., Bluemke, M., & Halberstadt, J. (2013). Fear of death and supernatural beliefs: Developing a new Supernatural Belief Scale to test the relationship. European Journal of Personality, 27, 495–506. doi:10.1002/per.1898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkman, D. P. (2014). Three cognitive routes to atheism: A dual-process account. Religion, 44, 72–83. doi:10.1080/0048721X.2013.841110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelemen, D. (2004). Are children “intuitive theists”? Psychological Science, 15, 295–301. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00672.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, B. H., & Lord, C. (2011). Is schizophrenia on the autism spectrum? Brain Research, 1380, 34–41. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeman, M., Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., & Lipsanen, J. (2015). Ontological confusions but not mentalizing abilities predict religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in supernatural purpose. Cognition, 134, 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, J., Burton, T. C., Salt, J. L., & Muncer, S. J. (2009). Psychometric analysis of the Systemizing Quotient (SQ) scale. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 539–552. doi:10.1348/000712608X368261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltby, J., Garner, I., Alan Lewis, C., & Day, L. (2000). Religious orientation and schizotypal traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 143–151. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00090-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehl, P. (1964). Manual for use with checklist of schizotypic signs (Report No. PR-73-5; OCR document). Retrieved from http://www.tc.umn.edu/~pemeehl/061ScChecklist.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miller, A. S., & Hoffmann, J. P. (1995). Risk and religion: An explanation of gender differences in religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34, 63–75. doi:10.2307/1386523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muncer, S. J., & Ling, J. (2006). Psychometric analysis of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1111–1119. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 882–891. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettle, D. (2007). Empathizing and systemizing: What are they, and what do they contribute to our understanding of psychological sex differences? British Journal of Psychology, 98, 237–255. doi:10.1348/000712606X117612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., & Gervais, W. M. (2013). The origins of religious disbelief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 20–25. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., Gervais, W. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2012). Mentalizing deficits constrain belief in a personal God. PloS one, 7, e36880. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A., Willard, A., Slingerland, E., Gervais, W., McNamara, R., & Henrich, J. (in press). The cultural evolution of prosocial religions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Advance online publication of the abstract. doi:10.1017/S0140525X14001356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G. (2014). Evidence that analytic cognitive style influences religious belief: Comment on Razmyar and Reeve (2013). Intelligence, 43, 21–26. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Seli, P., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2012). Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief. Cognition, 123, 335–346. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyysiäinen, I., & Hauser, M. (2010). The origins of religion: Evolved adaptation or by-product? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 104–109. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine, A., & Benishay, D. (1995). The SPQ–B: A brief screening instrument for schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 346–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddish, P., Tok, P., & Kundt, R. (2015). Religious cognition and behaviour in autism: The role of mentalizing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 1–36. doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.1003518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaap-Jonker, H., Sizoo, B., van Schothorst-van Roekel, J., & Corveleyn, J. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders and the image of God as a core aspect of religiousness. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23, 145–160. doi:10.1080/10508619.2012.688005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenhav, A., Rand, D. G., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Divine intuition: Cognitive style influences belief in God. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 423–428. doi:10.1037/a0025391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. (2012). Beliefs about God across time and countries. The International Social Survey Programme. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.norc.org/PDFs/Beliefs_About_God_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2007). Natural myside bias is independent of cognitive ability. Thinking & Reasoning, 13, 225–247. doi:10.1080/13546780600780796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, R. (2002). Physiology and faith: Addressing the “universal” gender difference in religious commitment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 495–507. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014). Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test. Thinking & Reasoning, 20, 147–168. doi:10.1080/13546783.2013.844729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Goldenfeld, N., Delaney, J., Fine, D., Smith, R., … Wakabayashi, A. (2006). Predicting Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) from the Systemizing Quotient–Revised (SQ–R) and Empathy Quotient (EQ). Brain Research, 1079, 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, J., Joseph, S., & Neil, A. (1995). Religiosity, psychoticism, and schizotypal traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 847–851. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(95)00129-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willard, A. K., & Norenzayan, A. (2013). Cognitive biases explain religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in life’s purpose. Cognition, 129, 379–391. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar