Analytic Thinking, Religion, and Prejudice: An Experimental Test of the Dual-Process Model of Mind

References

• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113–133.
   Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarianism specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A. (1999). The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 361–382). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253–285). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clobert, M., Saroglou, V., & Hwang, K. K. (2015). East Asian religious tolerance versus Western monotheist prejudice: The role of (in) tolerance of contradiction. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215603458 [ Advance online publication].
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. (2003). In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 454–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of university students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55, 573–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M., & Shariff, A. F. (2010). [The negative attitudes towards atheists scale: Psychometric properties, reliability, and validity.] Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M., Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011). Do you believe in atheists? Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1189–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012a). Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief. Science, 336, 493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012b). Reminders of secular authority reduce believers’ distrust of atheists. Psychological Science, 23, 483–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2009). Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 410–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D. (2012). The moral brain and how to use it. New York, NY: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Güldü, H. (2011). Sağ kanat yetkeciliği ölçeği: Uyarlama çalışması [Right-wing authoritarianism scale: The adaptation study]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2, 27–50.
   Google Scholar
• James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York, NY: Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 119–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 154–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonathan, E. (2008). The influence of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and Christian orthodoxy on explicit and implicit measures of attitudes toward homosexuals. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18, 316–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macrae, C. N., Stangor, C., & Milne, A. B. (1994). Activating social stereotypes: A functional analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 370–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morewedge, C. K., & Kahneman, D. (2010). Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 435–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A. (2013). Big gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., & Gervais, W. M. (2013). The origins of religious disbelief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 20–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin and evolution of religious prosociality. Science, 322, 58–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, J. M., & Greene, J. D. (2010). Moral reasoning: Hints and allegations. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2, 511–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, J. M., Unger, L., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgement. Cognitive Science, 36, 163–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2014). The role of analytic thinking in moral judgments and values. Thinking & Reasoning, 20, 188–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Seli, P., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2012). Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief. Cognition, 123, 335–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, J. L., & Ritter, R. S. (2013). Different effects of religion and God on prosociality with the ingroup and outgroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1471–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay, J. E., Pang, J. S., Shen, M. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2014). Rethinking value violation: Priming religion increases prejudice in Singaporean Christians and Buddhists. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 24, 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 303–315.
   Google Scholar
• Rowatt, W. C., & Franklin, L. M. (2004). Christian orthodoxy, religious fundamentalism, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of implicit racial prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 125–138.
   Google Scholar
• Sakalli, N. (2002). Pictures of male homosexuals in the heads of Turkish college students: The effects of sex difference and social contact on stereotyping. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 111–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakalli, N., & Ugurlu, O. (2001). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students’ attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saroglou, V. (2011). Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The big four religious dimensions and cultural variation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 1320–1340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saroglou, V., Corneille, O., & Van Cappellen, P. (2009). “Speak, Lord, your servant is listening”: Religious priming activates submissive thoughts and behaviors. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 143–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shariff, A. F., Cohen, A. B., & Norenzayan, A. (2008). The devil’s advocate: Secular arguments diminish both implicit and explicit religious belief. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 8, 417–423.
   Google Scholar
• Shenhav, A., Rand, D. G., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Divine intuition: Cognitive style influences belief in God. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 423–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spilka, B. (1986). The meaning of personal faith: A continuing research odyssey. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 5, 85–90.
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000). Advancing the rationality debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 701–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Talhelm, T., Haidt, J., Oishi, S., Zhang, X., Miao, F. F., & Chen, S. (2015). Liberals think more analytically (more “WEIRD”) than conservatives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 250–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Hippel, W. (2007). Aging, executive functioning, and social control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 240–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, B. J., & Bernard, E. (1999). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 126–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, O. (2015). The effect of political orientation and religiosity on prejudice toward atheists: The role of divine command, subjective morality and moral foundations (Unpublished master’s thesis). Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
   Google Scholar