The Role of Christianity and Islam in Explaining Prejudice against Asylum Seekers: Evidence from Malaysia

References

• Ahmad, R. (2011). Analysis: Religious tensions simmer in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics/analysis-religious-tensions-simmer-in-malaysia-idUSTRE78A0CY20110911
   Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2004). A revised religious fundamentalism scale: The short and sweet of it. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(1), 47–54. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_4
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R. (2017). The moderating role of socially desirable responding in implicit-explicit attitudes toward asylum seekers. International Journal of Psychology. doi:10.1002/ijop.12439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R. (2018a). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward asylum seekers: Demographic and ideological correlates. Australian Psychologist, 1–11. doi:10.1111/ap.12229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R. (2018b). The prejudice against asylum seekers scale: Presenting the psychometric properties of a new measure of classic and conditional attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology. doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1404958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Antalíková, R. (2014). Framing (implicitly) matters: The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55, 593–600. doi:10.1111/sjop.12161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Cheers, C. (2017). Does the dark triad predict prejudice?: The role of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism in explaining negativity toward asylum seekers. Australian Psychologist. doi:10.1111/ap.12283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Ferguson, R. (2018). Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes toward asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70, 18–29. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., & Koc, Y. (2015). Exploring patterns of explicit and implicit anti-gay attitudes in muslims and atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 687–701. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R., Stuart, A., & Rossen, I. (2015). Not all negative: Macro justice principles predict positive attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 67, 207–213. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcuri, L., Castelli, L., Galdi, S., Zogmaister, C., & Amadori, A. (2008). Predicting the vote: Implicit attitudes as predictors of the future behavior of decided and undecided voters. Political Psychology, 29, 369–387. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00635.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asylum Insight. (2018). Asylum today: The asia-pacific context. Asylum insight: Facts & Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.asyluminsight.com/asylum-today-asia-pacific/#.XBchUkZH63d
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, R. A. (2012). New economic policy and the Malaysian multiethnic middle class. Asian Ethnicity, 13, 29–46. doi:10.1080/14631369.2012.625692
   Google Scholar
• Babie, P., & Rochow, N. (2012). Freedom or religion under bills of rights. Adelaide, SA: University of Adelaide Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race eEvaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science, 17(1), 53–58. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camara, S. K., & Orbe, M. P. (2011). Understanding interpersonal manifestations of “Reverse Discrimination” through phenomenological inquiry. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 2, 111–134. doi:10.1080/17475759.2011.581032
   Google Scholar
• Chao, S. (2014). Malaysia’s refugees and asylum seekers. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/qa-malaysia-refugees-asylum-seekers-2014112083749828814.html
   Google Scholar
• Cowling, M., Anderson, J. R., & Ferguson, R. (2019). Prejudice-relevant correlates of attitudes towards refugees: A meta-analysis. Journal of Refugee Studies. doi:10.1093/jrs/fey062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (2007). Multiple social categorization. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 163–254. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39004-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Houwer, J. (2014). A propositional model of implicit evaluation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(7), 342–353. doi:10.1111/spc3.12111
   Google Scholar
• Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2017). Current population estimates, Malaysia, 2016–2017. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v
   Google Scholar
• Deslandes, C., & Anderson, J. R. (2019, under review). Religion and prejudice towards immigrants and refugees: A meta-analytic review. Manuscript under review. Victoria, Australia: Australian Catholic University.
   Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1999). Automaticity and control in stereotyping. In S. C. Y. Trope (Ed.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 339–360). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Education First. (2015). EF English proficiency index: Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.ef.edu/epi/regions/asia/malaysia/
   Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London, UK: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Franco, F. M., & Maass, A. (1999). Intentional control over prejudice: When the choice of the measure matters. European Journal of Social Psychology. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199906)29:4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, S. P. (2015). The meaning of race in Malaysia: Colonial, post-colonial and possible new conjunctures. Ethnicities, 15, 782–809. doi:10.1177/1468796815570347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17–41. doi:10.1037/a0015575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, B., & Pedersen, A. (2009). Prejudice and the function of attitudes relating to muslim Australians and indigenous Australians. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(4), 228–238. doi:10.1080/00049530902748275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126–139. doi:10.1177/1088868309352179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, L. K., Anderson, J. R., & Pedersen, A. (2018). Process in the community, detain offshore or “turn back the boats”? Predicting Australian asylum-seeker policy support from false beliefs, prejudice, and political ideology. Journal of Refugee Studies. doi:10.1093/jrs/fey048
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstaedter, G. (2017). Refugees, islam and the state: The role of religion in providing sanctuary in Malaysia. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 15, 287–304. doi:10.1080/15562948.2017.1302033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, R. (2007). Multiculturalism and education in Malaysia. Culture and Religion, 8, 155–167. doi:10.1080/14755610701424024
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, L. M., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). An intergroup perspective on religion and prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38, 509–523. doi:10.2307/1387609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. P. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 154–168. doi:10.1037/a0025107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jomo, K. S. (2005). Malaysia’s new economic policy and national unity. In Y. Bangura & R. Stavenhagen (Eds.), Racism and public policy (pp. 182–214). Gordonsville, VA: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Jonathan, E. (2008). The influence of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and Christian orthodoxy on explicit and implicit measures of attitudes toward homosexuals. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18, 316–329. doi:10.1080/10508610802229262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc, Y., & Anderson, J. R. (2018). Reducing social distance towards Syrian refugees: The role of acculturation orientation and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, Manuscript in Press. doi:10.1111/josi.12299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laythe, B., Finkel, D., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2001). Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism: A multiple-regression approach. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(1), 1–10. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckay, F. H., Thomas, S. L., & Kneebone, S. (2012). ‘It would be okay if they came through the proper channels’: Community perceptions and attitudes toward asylum seekers in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 25(1), 113–133. doi:10.1093/jrs/fer010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, O. T., Trew, K., Todd, J., Rougier, N., & McLaughlin, K. (2007). Religious and national identity after the belfast Good Friday agreement. Political Psychology, 28(1), 89–103. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00553.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nah, A. M. (2010). Refugees and space in urban areas in Malaysia. Forced Migration Review, 34, 29–31.
   Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A. (2007). Implicit–Explicit relations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 65–69. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00477.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–666. doi:10.1521/soco.19.6.625.20886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., & Smyth, F. L. (2007). A multitrait-multimethod validation of the implicit association test: Implicit and explicit attitudes are related but distinct constructs. Experimental Psychology, 54, 14–29. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.54.1.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrand, N. (2015). The Syrian refugee crisis: A comparison of response by Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Journal of Migration and Human Security, 3, 255–279. doi:10.14240/jmhs.v3i3.51
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Balanced inventory of desirable responding (BIDR). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 41.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A., Attwell, J., & Heveli, D. (2005). Prediction of negative attitudes toward Australian asylum seekers: False beliefs, nationalism, and self-esteem. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 148–160. doi:10.1080/00049530500125157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A., & Hartley, L. K. (2017). False beliefs about asylum seekers to Australia: The role of confidence in such beliefs, prejudice, and the third person effect. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 11(11). doi:10.1017/prp.2017.5
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A., Watt, S., & Hansen, S. (2006). The role of false beliefs in the community’s and the federal government’s attitudes toward Australian asylum seekers. The Australian Journal of Social Issues, 41, 105–124. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=157615711086279;res=IELFSC
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, R., Paradies, Y., & Pedersen, A. (2015). Religious ambivalence: Suppression of pro-social attitudes toward asylum seekers by right-wing authoritarianism. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25, 1–33. doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.921473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowatt, W. C., & Franklin, L. M. (2004). Christian orthodoxy, religious fundamentalism, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of implicit racial prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 125–138. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr1402_4
   Google Scholar
• Suhnan, A., Pedersen, A., & Hartley, L. K. (2012). Re-examining prejudice against asylum seekers in Australia: The role of people smugglers, the perception of threat, and acceptance of false beliefs. The Australian Community Psychologist, 24, 79–97.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1–39. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2010). UNHCR Global Report 2010: Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/en-au/publications/fundraising/4dfdbf5516/unhcr-global-report-2010-malaysia.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2011). Baseline Study: Documenting Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Burmese Refugees and the Status of Family Planning Services in UNHCR’s Operation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/4e8c0d1c9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2017). Figures at a glance. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org.my/About_Us-@-Figures_At_A_Glance.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, M. E., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). Controlling racial prejudice social-cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation. Psychological Science, 16, 56–63. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00780.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 21–38. doi:10.1080/10508610802471104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–126. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittenbrink, B., & Schwartz, N. (2007). Implicit measures of attitudes. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar