Religiousness and Minority Stress in Conservatively Religious Sexual Minorities: Lessons from Latter-day Saints

References

• Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2018). APA reiterates strong opposition to conversion therapy. https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/apa-reiterates-strong-opposition-to-conversion-therapy
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2009). Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation. https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, D. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Hamilton, A. D., & Keyes, K. M. (2014). Sexual orientation disparities in mental health: The moderating role of educational attainment. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(9), 1447–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0849-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, S. M., Budge, S. L., & Adelson, J. L. (2016). Transgender community belongingness as a mediator between strength of transgender identity and well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckstead, A. L., & Morrow, S. L. (2004). Mormon clients’ experiences of conversion therapy: The need for a new treatment approach. The Counseling Psychologist, 32(5), 651–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004267555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockrath, M., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., Harriott, V. A., Pomerleau, J. M., Homolka, S. J., Chaudhary, Z. B., & Exline, J. J. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and their links to psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality doi:10.1037/rel0000400. Advance online publication.
   Google Scholar
• Budge, S. L., Domínguez, S., Jr., & Goldberg, A. E. (2020). Minority stress in nonbinary students in higher education: The role of campus climate and belongingness. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(2), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000360
   Google Scholar
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (2016). Same-sex attraction. https://www.lds.org/topics/same-sex-attraction?lang=eng
   Google Scholar
• Cranney, S. (2017). The LGB Mormon paradox: Mental, physical, and self-rated health among Mormon and non-Mormon LGB individuals in the Utah behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(6), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debnam, K., Holt, C. L., Clark, E. M., Roth, D. L., & Southward, P. (2012). Relationship between religious social support and general social support with health behaviors in a national sample of African Americans. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9338-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehlin, J. P., Galliher, R. V., Bradshaw, W. S., & Crowell, K. A. (2014). Psychosocial correlates of religious approaches to same-sex attraction: A Mormon perspective. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18(3), 284–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2014.912970
   Google Scholar
• Dehlin, J. P., Galliher, R. V., Bradshaw, W. S., & Crowell, K. A. (2015). Navigating sexual and religious identity conflict: A Mormon perspective. Identity, 15(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2014.989440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etengoff, C., & Lefevor, G. T. (2020). Sexual prejudice, sexism, and religion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J (Ed.). (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research (pp. 459–475). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-025
   Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Measuring community connectedness among diverse sexual minority populations. Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.565427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattis, M. N., Woodford, M. R., & Han, Y. (2014). Perceived interpersonal discrimination and depressive symptoms among sexual minority youth: Is religious affiliation a protective factor? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1589–1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0342-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassgold, J. M. (2008). Bridging the divide: Integrating lesbian identity and orthodox Judaism. Women and Therapy, 31(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1300/02703140802145227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K. A., Howell, D. S., & Spurgeon, D. W. (2018). Faith concepts in psychology: Three 30-year definitional content analyses. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, R. D., Owen, A. D., Koenig, H. G., Steffens, D. C., & Payne, M. E. (2012). Religion and the presence and severity of depression in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(2), 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31822ccd51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2008). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, S(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Hoffarth, M. R., Hodson, G., & Mohmar, D. S. (2018). When and why is religious attendance associated with antigay bias and gay rights opposition? A justification-suppression model approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(3), 526–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. D., & Mohr, J. J. (2016). Conceptualizing the closet: Differentiating stigma concealment and nondisclosure processes. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000147
   Google Scholar
• Katz-Wise, S. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2012). Victimization experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 49(2–3), 142–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.637247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010). The Duke University religion index (DUREL): A five-item measure for use in epidemiological studies. Religions, 1(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118667.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Network, 1–34. . https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
   Google Scholar
• Kralovec, K., Fartacek, C., Fartacek, R., & Plöderl, M. (2014). Religion and suicide risk in lesbian, gay and bisexual Austrians. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 413–423. 10.1007/s10943-012-9645-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, N., & Wulff, K. M. (2005). Church-based social ties, a sense of belonging in a congregation, and physical health status. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15(1), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1501_6
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.15251497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyper, L., & Fokkema, T. (2010). Loneliness among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: The role of minority stress. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(5), 1171–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9513-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Beckstead, A. L., Schow, R. L., Raynes, M., Mansfield, T. R., & Rosik, C. H. (2019). Satisfaction and health within four sexual identity relationship options. The Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 45(5), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1531333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Blaber, I. P., Huffman, C. E., Schow, R. L., Beckstead, A. L., Raynes, M., & Rosik, C. H. (2019). The role of religiousness and beliefs about sexuality in well-being among sexual minority Mormons. The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(4), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Davis, E. B., Paiz, J. Y., & Smack, A. C. P. (2021). The relationship between religiousness and health among sexual minorities: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. 10.1037/bul0000321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Huffman, C. E., & Blaber, I. P. (2020). Navigating potentially traumatic conservative religious environments as a sexual/gender minority. In A. Johnson, and E. Lund (Eds.), Violence against LGBTQ persons: Research, practice, and advocacy (pp. 317–329). Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., McGraw, J. S., & Skidmore, S. J. (2021). Suicidal ideation among active and nonactive/former Latter-day Saint sexual minorities. Journal of Community Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22591
   Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Park, S. Y., & Pedersen, T. R. (2018). The impact of minority stress on the mental health of sexual and religious minorities. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 22(2), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2017.1418696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Park, S., Acevedo, M. J., & Jones, P. J. (2020). Sexual orientation complexity and psychosocial/health outcomes. The Journal of Homosexuality, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1815432
   Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., Sorrell, S. A., Kappers, G., Plunk, A., Schow, R. L., Rosik, C. H., & Beckstead, A. L. (2019). Same-sex attracted, not LGBQ: The implications of sexual identity labelling on religiosity, sexuality, and health among Mormons. The Journal of Homosexuality, 67(7), 940–964 . https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1564006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehdonvirta, V., Oksanen, A., Rasanen, P., & Blank, G. (2020). Social media, web, and panel surveys: Using non-probability samples in social and policy research. Policy & Internet, 13(1), 134–155 . https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield, W. (2001). The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v41n02_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw, J. S., Chinn, J., & Mahoney, A. (2020). Historical, doctrinal, and empirical insights into Latter-day Saint sexual minorities’ psychological and interpersonal functioning. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 17(2), 168–195 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2020.1800545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H., & Wilson, P. A. (2009). Sampling lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I. (2013). APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 2). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Peter, T., Edkins, T., Watson, R., Adjei, J., Homma, Y., & Saewyc, E. (2016). Trends in suicidality among sexual minority and heterosexual students in a Canadian population-based cohort study. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2013, June 20). For religious LGBT adults, more commitment sometimes brings more conflict. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/20/for-religious-lgbt-adults-more-commitment-sometimes-brings-more-conflict/
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2015). America’s changing religious landscape. https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/
   Google Scholar
• Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, E. M., Etengoff, C., & Vaughn, M. (2019). A quantitative examination of identity integration in gay, lesbian and bisexual people of faith. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1395259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, E. M. (2009). At the intersection of church and gay: A review of the psychological research on gay and lesbian Christians. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903445806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosmarin, D. H., & Koenig, H. G. (Eds.). (2020). Handbook of spirituality, religion, and mental health (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2017). The psychology of virtue: Integrating positive psychology and the psychology of religion. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(3), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S. (2018). The Making of a Gay Muslim. Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978-3-319-63130-1_5
   Google Scholar
• Shilo, G., & Savaya, R. (2012). Mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and young adults: Differential effects of age, gender, religiosity, and sexual orientation. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00772.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cappellen, P., Toth-Gauthier, M., Saroglou, V., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2016). Religion and well-being: The mediating role of positive emotions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(2), 485–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9605-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, J. R., Himes, H. L., Soares, S. D., & Kwon, E. M. (2016). Sexual minority students in nonaffirming religious higher education: Mental health, outness, and identity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000162
   Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L., Wade, N. G., Hight, T. L., Ripley, J. S., McCullough, M. E., Berry, J. W., Schmitt, M. M., Berry, J. T., Bursley, K. H., & O’Conner, L. (2003). The religious commitment inventory-10: Development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.13072/midss.168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar