The Long-Term Impact of Incarceration During the Teens and 20s on the Wages and Employment of Men

REFERENCES

• Apel, R., & Sweeten, G. (2010). The impact of incarceration on employment during the transition to adulthood. Social Problems, 57(3), 448–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhardt, A., Morris, M., Handcock, M., & Scott, M. (2001). Divergent paths: Economic mobility in the new American labor market. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Boshier, R., & Johnson, D. (1974). Does conviction affect employment opportunities? British Journal of Criminology, 14, 264–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinson, J. A. (1994). The incarceration of black males. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20(3/4), 85–95.
   Google Scholar
• Buikhuisen, W., & Dijksterhuis, F. P. H. (1971). Delinquency and stigmatization. British Journal of Criminology, 11, 185–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, Jr., V. S., Cullen, F. T., & Travis, L. F. III. (1987). The collateral consequences of a felony conviction: A national study of state statutes. Federal Probation, 51, 52–60.
   Google Scholar
• Card, D. (1999). The causal effect of education on earnings. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), The handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3, pp. 1801–1863). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Human Resource Research. (2004). NLSY79 User’s Guide 1979–2004. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, G. G., & Smith, C. E. (2001). The American system of criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Dale, M. W. (1976). Barriers to the rehabilitation of ex-offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 22, 322–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. B. (1992). Crime and the employment of disadvantaged youth. In G. Peterson & W. Vroman (Eds.), Urban labor markets and job opportunity, (pp. 210–237). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. B. (1999). The economics of crime. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), The handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3, pp. 3529–3571). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Good, D. H., Pirog-Good, M. A., & Sickles, R. C. (1986). An analysis of youth crime and employment patterns. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2(3), 219–236.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a job: A study of contracts and careers. (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grogger, J. (1995). The effect of arrests on the employment and earnings of young men. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 51–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan, J. (1993). The social embeddedness of crime and unemployment. Criminology, 31(4), 465–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, communities and prisoners. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and justice: Prisons (Vol. 26, pp. 121–162). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinds, L. S. (1982). The impact of incarceration on low-income families. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation, 5(3/4), 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Holzer, H. J. (1996). What employers want: Job prospects for less-educated workers. New York, NY: Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kling, J. R. (2006). Incarceration length, employment, and earnings. American Economic Review, 96, 863–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, B., & Hagan, J. (2001). When crime pays: Capital, competence, and criminal success. Social Forces, 79(3), 1035–1059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Nagin, D., & Waldfogel, J. (1998). The effect of conviction on income through the life cycle. International Review of Law and Economics, 18, 25–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937–975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakers, A., Apel, R., Nieuwbeerta, P., Dirkzwager, A., & Van Wilsem, J. (2014). Imprisonment length and post-prison employment prospects. Criminology, 52, 299–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2001). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, R. D., & Skolnick, J. H. (1962). Two studies of legal stigma. Social Problems, 10(2), 133–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spilerman, S. (1977). Careers, labor market structure, and socioeconomic achievement. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 551–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (n.d.). National Prisoner Statistics Program. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=nps
   Google Scholar
• Van der Geest, V. R., Bijleveld, C. D. J. H., Blokland, A. A. J., & Nagin, D. S. (2014). The effects of incarceration on longitudinal trajectories of employment: A follow-up in high-risk youth from ages 23 to 32. Criminology and Delinquency, 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Waldfogel, J. (1994). The effect of criminal conviction on income and the trust reposed in the workmen. Journal of Human Resources, 29(1), 62–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisheit, R. A., & Klofas, J. M. (1990). The impact of jail. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation, 14(1), 51–65.
   Google Scholar
• Western, B. (2002). The impact of incarceration on wage mobility and inequality. American Sociological Review, 67(4), 526–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western, B., & Beckett, K. (1999). How unregulated is the U.S. labor market? The penal system as a labor market institution. American Sociological Review, 104(4), 1030–1060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western, B., Kling, J. R., & Weiman, D. F. (2001). The labor market consequences of incarceration. Crime and Delinquency, 47(3), 410–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. G., & Vito, G. F. (1988). Long-term inmates: Special needs and management considerations. Federal Probation, 52(3), 21–26.
   Google Scholar