What’s in a Font?: Ideological Perceptions of Typography

References

• Ahmed, M. (2013). Typeface persona: Investigating Gotham’s suitability for Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign (Doctoral Dissertation), Howard University, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Amodio, D. M., Jost, J. T., Master, S. L., & Yee, C. M. (2007). Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism. Nature Neuroscience, 10(10), 1246–1247. doi:10.1038/nn1979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafumi, J., & Shapiro, R. Y. (2009). A new partisan voter. The Journal of Politics, 71(1), 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0022381608090014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldassarri, D., & Gelman, A. (2008). Partisans without constraint: Political polarization and trends in American public opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 114(2), 408–446. doi:10.1086/590649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, P. J., & Benoit, W. L. (2009). Criteria for evaluating political campaign webpages. Southern Communicatinon Journal, 70(3), 230–247. doi:10.1080/10417940509373329
   Google Scholar
• Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351–368. doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billard, T. J. (2016). Fonts of potential: Areas for typographic research in political communication. International Journal of Communication, 10, 4570–4592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billard, T. J. (2018). Citizen typography and political brands in the 2016 US presidential election. Marketing Theory, 18(3), 421–431. doi:10.1177/1470593118763982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, G., & Hamlin, A. (2016). Conservative value. The Monist, 99, 352–371. doi:10.1093/monist/onw010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumberger, E. R. (2003a). The rhetoric of typography: The awareness and impact of typeface appropriateness. Technical Communication, 50(2), 224–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumberger, E. R. (2003b). The rhetoric of typography: The persona of typeface and text. Technical Communication, 50(2), 206–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: Personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29(6), 807–840. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford, S., Jewell, R. M., & Waggoner, P. D. (2015). Are samples drawn from Mechanical Turk valid for research on political ideology? Research & Politics, 1–9. doi:10.1177/2053168015622072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, S. (2012). The anatomy of type: A graphic guide to 100 typefaces. New York, NY: Quid Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Coppock, A. (2018). Generalizing from survey experiments conducted on Mechanical Turk: A replication approach. Political Science Research and Methods, 1–16. doi:10.1017/psrm.2018.10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, K. M. (2012). Political branding in the modern age: Effective strategies, tools and techniques. In J. Lees-Marshment (Ed.), Routledge handbook of political marketing(pp. 122–138). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Danna, J., Massendari, D., Furnari, B., & Ducrot, S. (2018). The optimal viewing position effect in printed versus cursive words: Evidence of a reading cost for the cursive font. Acta Psychologica, 188, 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, S., & Johnston, C. (2014). Understanding the determinants of political ideology: Implications of structural complexity. Political Psychology, 35(3), 337–358. doi:10.1111/pops.12055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschall, E. M. (1989). Typographic communications today. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grohmann, B. (2016). Communicating brand gender through type fonts. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(4), 403–418. doi:10.1080/13527266.2014.918050
   Google Scholar
• Grohmann, B., Giese, J. L., & Parkman, I. D. (2013). Using type font characteristics to communicate brand personality of new brands. Journal of Brand Management, 20(5), 389–403. doi:10.1057/bm.2012.23
   Google Scholar
• Haenschen, K., & Tamul, D. (2019, September 20). Typography and ideology (Fonts 1.0). doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/F65WB
   Google Scholar
• Halamish, V. (2018). Can very small font size enhance memory? Memory & Cognition, 46, 979–993. doi:10.3758/s13421-018-0816-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, S. (2008, April 21). McCain’s optimum look. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/mccains-optimum-look/
   Google Scholar
• Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014). Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 297–307. doi:10.1017/S0140525X13001192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojjati, N., & Muniandy, B. (2014). The effects of font type and spacing of text for online readability and performance. Contemporary Educational Technology, 5(2), 161–174.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., Wu, J., & Shi, W. (2018). The impact of font choice on web pages: Relationship with willingness to pay and tourism motivation. Tourism Management, 66, 191–199. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhortra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2018). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015). Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 690–707. doi:10.1111/ajps.12152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, B. (2012, September 22). Romney campaign looking into copyright claim. Buzzfeed News. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/buzzfeednews/about-buzzfeed-news
   Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61(7), 651–670. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339–375. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Nosek, B. A., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Ideology: Its resurgence in social, personality, and political psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(2), 126–136. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00070.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juni, S., & Gross, J. S. (2008). Emotional and persuasive perception of fonts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106(1), 35–42. doi:10.2466/pms.106.1.35-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai, R., Feilden, T., Firth, C., & Rees, G. (2011). Political orientations are correlated with brain structure in young adults. Current Biology, 21(8), 677–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaspar, K., Wehlitz, T., von Knobelsdorff, S., Wulf, T., & von Saldern, M. A. O. (2015). A matter of font type: The effect of serifs on the evaluation of scientific abstracts. International Journal of Psychology, 50(5), 372–378. doi:10.1002/ijop.12160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, D. C., & Kropf, M. (2005). Ballot design and unrecorded votes on paper-based ballots. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(4), 508–529. doi:10.1093/poq/nfi054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelkes, Y. (2018). Affective polarization and ideological sorting: A reciprocal, albeit weak relationship. The Forum, 16(1), 67–79. doi:10.1515/for-2018-0005
   Google Scholar
• Leonidas, G. (2012). Type design and development. In J. Tselentis, A. Haley, R. Poulin, T. Seddon, G. Leonidas, I. Saltz, … T. Alterman (Eds.), Typography referenced: A comprehensive visual guide to the language, history, and practice of typography(pp. 30–51). Deverly, MA: Rockport Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Levendusky, M. (2009). The partisan sort: How liberals became Democrats and conservatives became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, O. (1999). Knowledge construction in typography: The case of legibility research and the legibility of sans serif typefaces (Doctoral Dissertation), The University of Reading, Reading, UK.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, R. (1980). The Thames and Hudson manual of typography. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.
   Google Scholar
• O’Kane, C. (2019, January 21). Kamala Harris’ campaign launch pays tribute to Shirley Chisholm’s 1972 run. CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-2020-presidential-campaign-logo-pays-tribute-to-shirley-chisholm/
   Google Scholar
• Osterer, H., & Stamm, P. (2013). Adrian Frutiger typefaces: The complete works (2nd ed.). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Rainbird, D. (2012, July 23). Campaign font war: Gotham vs. Mercury. Salon. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20191130200847/https://www.salon.com/2012/07/23/gotham_vs_mercury_the_presidential_campaign’s_real_issues_salpart/
   Google Scholar
• Rogowski, J. C., & Sutherland, J. L. (2016). How ideology fuels affective polarization. Political Behavior, 38(2), 485–508. doi:10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, S. A. (2010). Barack Obama’s 2008 campaign for U.S. presidency and visual design. Journal of Visual Literacy, 29, 1–27. doi:10.1080/23796529.2010.11674671
   Google Scholar
• Settle, J. E., Dawes, C. T., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2010). Friendships moderate an association between dopamine gene variant and political ideology. The Journal of Politics, 72(4), 1189–1198. doi:10.1017/S0022381610000617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh, A. D., Chaparro, B. S., & Fox, D. (2006). Perception of fonts: Perceived personality traits and uses. Usability News, 8(1), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Su, N., Li, T., Zheng, J., Hu, X., Fan, T., & Luo, L. (2018). How font size affects judgements of learning: Simultaneous mediating effect of item-specific beliefs about fluency and moderating effect of beliefs about font size and memory. PLoS ONE, 13(7), 1–14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone/0200888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschichold, J. (1992). Treasury of alphabets and lettering: A source book of the best letter forms of past and present for sign painters, graphic artists, commercial artists, typographers, printers, sculptors, architects, and schools of art and design. New York, NY: Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen, T. (2005). Typographic meaning. Visual Communication, 4(2), 139–143. doi:10.1177/1470357205053749
   Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Towards a semiotics of typography. Information Design Journal, 14(2), 139–155. doi:10.1075/idj.14.2.06lee
   Google Scholar
• Ward, B. (1956). The crystal goblet: Sixteen essays on typography. (H. Jacob ed.). Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, C., Huang, T. S. T., & Shanks, D. R. (2018). Perceptual fluency affects judgements of learning: The font size effect. Journal of Memory and Language, 99, 99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2017.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar