Advanced search
Publication Cover
Central States Speech Journal Volume 32, 1981 - Issue 2
Journal homepage
65
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The role of nonverbal behaviors as distractors in resistance to persuasion in interpersonal contexts

Don W. Stacks Assistant Professor of Communication Arts, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
&
Judee K. Burgoon Associate Professor of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Pages 61-73 | Published online: 22 May 2009

  • Weyer , R. A. 1974 . Cognitive Organization and Change: An Information Processing Approach , Potomac, Md. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Pubs. .
  • Brock , Timothy C. 1967 . “Communication Discrepancy and Intent to Persuade as Determinants of Counterargument Production” . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 3 : 209 – 309 .
  • Breitrose , Henry S. 1966 . “The Effect of Distraction in Attenuating Counterarguments” . Stanford University . Diss.
  • Osterhouse , Robert A. and Brock , Timothy A. 1970 . “Distraction Increases to Propaganda by Inhibiting Counter‐arguing” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 15 : 344 – 58 .
  • Keating , John P. and Brock , Timothy C. 1974 . “Acceptance of Persuasion and the Inhibition of Counterarguing under Various Distraction Tasks” . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 10 : 301 – 09 .
  • Baron , Robert S. , Baron , Denny H. and Miller , Norman . 1973 . “The Relation Between Distraction and Persuasion” . Psychological Bulletin , 80 : 310 – 23 .
  • Festinger , Leon and Maccoby , Nathan . 1964 . “On Resistance of Persuasive Communications” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 68 : 359 – 66 .
  • Gardner , D. H. 1966 . “The Effect of Divided Attention on Attitude Change Influenced by a Marketing Communication” . In Science Technology and Marketing, , Edited by: Haus , R. M. 532 – 40 . Chicago : American Marketing Association .
  • McGuire , William J. 1966 . “Attitudes and Opinions” . Annual Review of Psychology , 17 : 475 – 514 .
  • Haaland , Gordon A. and Venkatesan , M. 1968 . “Resistance to Persuasive Communications: An Examination of the Distraction Hypothesis” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 9 : 167 – 70 .
  • Vohs , John L. and Garrett , Roger L. 1968 . “Resistance to Persuasion: An Integrative Framework” . Public Opinion Quarterly , 32 : 445 – 62 .
  • Zimbardo , Philip G. , Ebbesen , Ebbe B. and Fraser , S. C. 1969 . “Negative Emotional Distraction and Attitude Change: Horror, Disgust, and Inhibition” . In Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior , Edited by: Zimbardo , Philip G. and Ebbesen , Ebbe B. Reading, Mass. : Addison‐Wesley . unpublished manuscript, described in
  • Zimbardo , Philip , Snyder , Mary , Thomas , Alice , Gold , Alice and Gurwitz , Sharon . 1970 . “Modifying the Impact of Persuasive Communications with External Distraction” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 16 : 669 – 80 .
  • Burgoon , Michael , Cohen , Marshall , Miller , Michael D. and Montgomery , Charles L. 1978 . “An Empirical Test of a Model of Resistance to Persuasion” . Human Communication Research , 5 : 27 – 39 .
  • Kiesler , Sara B. and Mathog , Roberta B. 1968 . “Distraction Hypothesis in Attitude Change: Effects of Distractiveness” . Psychological Reports , 23 : 1123 – 33 .
  • Miller , Norman and Baron , Robert S. 1973 . “On Measuring Counterarguing” . Journal of Theory of Social Behavior , 3 : 101 – 18 .
  • Burgoon , Michael , Fraedrich , Lynn and Bachman , Susan . 1979 . “Credibility of Communicators and Distraction as Predictors of Change in Attitude” . Psychological Reports , 45 : 479 – 82 .
  • Burgoon , Judee K. 1978 . “Further Explication and an Initial Test of the Theory of Violations of Personal Space Expectations” . Human Communication Research , 4 : 129 – 42 .
  • Burgoon , Judee K. and Jones , Stephen B. 1976 . “Toward a Theory of Personal Space Expectations and Their Violations” . Human Communication Research , 2 : 131 – 46 .
  • Burgoon , Judee K. , Stacks , Don W. and Woodall , W. Gill . 1979 . “A Communicative Model of Violations of Distancing Expectations: Further Tests and a Critique” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 43 : 153 – 67 .
  • Argyle , Michael and Dean , Janet . 1965 . “Eye Contact, Distance and Affiliation” . Sociometry , 28 : 289 – 304 .
  • Baxter , James C. and Deanovich , Bettye F. 1970 . “Anxiety Arousing Effects of Inappropriate Crowding” . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 35 : 174 – 78 .
  • Felipe , Nancy Jo and Sommer , Robert . 1966 . “Invasions of Personal Space” . Social Problems , 14 : 206 – 14 .
  • Garfinkel , H. 1964 . “Studies in the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities” . Social Problems , 11 : 225 – 50 .
  • Goldberg , Gordon N. , Kiesler , Charles A. and Collins , Barry E. 1974 . “Visual Behavior and Face‐to‐Face Distance during Interaction” . Sociometry , 37 : 43 – 53 .
  • Horowitz , M. J. , Duff , D. F. and Stratton , L. O. 1964 . “Body Buffer Zones” . Archives of General Psychiatry , 11 : 651 – 56 .
  • Krail , Kristina A. and Leventhal , Gloria . 1976 . “The Sex Variable in the Invasion of Personal Space” . Sociomerty , 39 : 170 – 73 .
  • McBride , G. , King , M. G. and James , J. W. 1965 . “Social Proximity Effects on Galvanic Skin Responses in Adult Humans” . Journal of Psychology , 61 : 153 – 57 .
  • Mehrabian , Albert . 1968 . “Relationship of Attitude to Seated Posture, Orientation, and Distance” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 10 : 26 – 30 .
  • Middlemist , R. Dennis , Knowles , Eric S. and Mather , Charles F. 1976 . “Personal Space Invasions in the Lavatory: Suggestive Evidence for Arousal” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 33 : 541 – 46 .
  • Patterson , Miles L. , Mullins , Sherry and Romano , Jeanne . 1971 . “Compensatory Reactions to Spatial Invasion” . Sociometry , 34 : 114 – 21 .
  • Patterson , Miles L. and Sechrest , Lee B. 1970 . “Interpersonal Distance and Impression Management” . Journal of Personality , 38 : 161 – 66 .
  • Sommer , Robert . 1969 . Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Albert , Stuart and Dabbs , James M. 1970 . “Physical Distance and Persuasion” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 15 : 265 – 70 .
  • Garner , Patrick H. 1972 . “The Effects of Invasions of Personal Space on Interpersonal Communication” . Illinois State University . Thesis
  • Mehrabian , Albert and Williams , Martin . 1969 . “Nonverbal Concomitants of Perceived and Intended Persuasiveness” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 13 : 37 – 58 .
  • Riess , Marc . 1977 . “Proxemic Determinants of Perceived Communicator Characteristics and Attitude Change” . University of Florida . Diss.
  • Rosegrant , Teresa J. and McCroskey , James C. 1975 . “The Effects of Race and Sex on Proxemic Behavior in an Interview Setting” . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 40 : 408 – 20 .
  • Stacks , Don W. and Burgoon , Judee K. 1979 . “The Effects of Violating Spatial Distance Expectations in Small Groups” . paper presented at the Southern Speech Communication Association Convention . April 1979 , Biloxi, Mississippi.
  • Goffman , Irving . 1959 . Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday Anchor Books .
  • Berscheid , Ellen and Walster , Elaine . 1973 . “Physical Attractiveness” . In Experimental Advances in Social Psychology, , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 7 , New York : Academic Press .
  • Mehrabian , Albert and Williams , Martin . 1969 . “Nonverbal Concomitants of Perceived and Intended Persuasiveness” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 13 : 37 – 58 .
  • Tedeschi , James T. , Schlenker , Barry R. and Bonoma , T. 1973 . Conflict, Power and Games: The Experimental Study of Interpersonal Relations , Chicago : Aldine .
  • Huston , Ted L. 1974 . “A Perspective on Interpersonal Attraction” . In Foundations of Interpersonal Attraction, , Edited by: Huston , Ted L. 3 – 28 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Mills , Judson and Aronson , Elliot . 1965 . “Opinion Change as a Function of the Communicator's Attractiveness and Decision to Influence” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , I : 173 – 77 .
  • Burgoon , Judee K. , Stacks , Don W. and Woodall , W. Gill . 1977 . “Personal Space Expectations and Reward as Predictors of Recall, Credibility, and Attraction” . paper presented to the Speech Communication Association . December 1977 , Washington, D.C..
  • McCroskey , James C. and McCain , Thomas A. 1974 . “The Measurement of Interpersonal Attraction . Speech Monographs , 41 : 261 – 66 .
  • Brandt , David R. 1979 . “Listener Propensity to Counterargue, Distraction, and Resistance to Persuasion” . Central States Speech Journal , 30 : 321 – 31 .
  • Brandt , David R. , Din‐Kelacker , James W. and Stoyanoff , Nick J. 1977 . “An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Listener Propensity to Counterargue and Distraction on Communication Acceptance” . paper presented to the Speech Communication Association . December 1977 , Washington, D. C..
  • Hall , Edward T. 1969 . The Hidden Dimension , Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday Anchor Books .
  • McCroskey , James C. , Jensen , Thomas and Valencia , Cynthia . 1973 . “Measurement of the Credibility of Peers and Spouses” . paper presented to the International Communication Association . April 1973 , Montreal.
  • Osgood , Charles E. , Suci , George J. and Tannenbaum , Percy H. 1957 . The Measurement of Meaning , Urbana, Ill. : University of Illinois Press .
  • Burgoon , Judée K. and Burgoon , Michael . 1979 . “The Construction of More Precise and Efficient Verbal Rating Scales” . Michigan State University . unpublished manuscript,
  • Winer , B. J. 1971 . Statistical Principles in Experimental Design, , 2nd ed. , 201 – 04 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.