Idealism held hostage: Jimmy Carter's rhetoric on the crisis in Iran

Notes

• Gwertzman , Bernard . 1979 . “Government in Iran Vows Help in Siege,” . New York Times , 5 Nov. : A1 A10
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . “Teheran Students Seize U.S. Embassy and Hold Hostages,” . New York Times , 5 Nov. : A1 A10
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions . WCPD , 16 April 7 : 611
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Address to the Nation . WCPD , 16 April 25 : 772
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , Tom . 1980 . “Carter's New Tack on Iran,” . Newsweek , 21 April : 34
   Google Scholar
• Alpern , David M. 1979 . “Feeling Helpless,” . Newsweek , 26 Feb. : 22
   Google Scholar
• Carter , Rosalynn . 1984 . First Lady From Plains , 321 Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Bostdorff , Denise Marie . 1987 . “The Contemporary Presidency and the Rhetoric of Promoted Crisis,” . 486 – 487 . Purdue U. . dis.,
   Google Scholar
• Brockriede , Wayne and Scott , Robert L. 1970 . Moments in the Rhetoric of the Cold War , 80 – 116 . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Pratt , James W. 1970 . “An Analysis of Three Crisis Speeches,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 34 : 194 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Windt , Theodore Otto Jr. 1973 . “The Presidency and Speeches on International Crises: Repeating the Rhetorical Past,” . Speaker and Gavel , 11 : 6 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Cherwitz , Richard A. 1978 . “Lyndon Johnson and the ‘Crisis’ of Tonkin Gulf: A President's Justification of War,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 42 : 93 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Cherwitz , Richard A. 1980 . “Masking Inconsistency: The Tonkin Gulf Crisis,” . Communication Quarterly , 28 : 27 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Bass , Jeff D. 1985 . “The Appeal to Efficiency as Narrative Closure: Lyndon Johnson and the Dominican Crisis, 1965,” . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 50 : 103 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , Dan F. 1980 . “Corrupt Rhetoric: President Ford and the Mayaguez Affair,” . Communication Quarterly , 28 : 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Birdsell , David S. 1987 . “Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 73 : 267 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procter , David E. 1987 . “The Rescue Mission: Assigning Guilt to a Chaotic Scene,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 51 : 245 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Dow , Bonnie J. 1989 . “The Function of Epideictic and Deliberative Strategies in Presidential Crisis Rhetoric,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 53 : 294 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Dowling , Ralph E. and Marraro , Gabrielle . 1986 . “Grenada and the Great Communicator: A Study in Democratic Ethics,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 50 : 350 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Heisey , Ray D. 1986 . “Reagan and Mitterand Respond to International Crisis: Creating Versus Transcending Appearances,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 50 : 325 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Klope , David C. 1986 . “Defusing A Foreign Policy Crisis: Myth and Victimage in Reagan's 1983 Lebanon/Grenada Address,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 50 : 336 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Hauser , Gerard A. 1989 . “Administrative Rhetoric and Public Opinion: Discussing the Iranian Hostages in the Public Sphere,” . In American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism , Edited by: Benson , Thomas W. 323 – 383 . Carbondale : Southern Illinois UP .
   Google Scholar
• Cherwitz , Richard A. and Zagacki , Kenneth S. 1986 . “Consummatory Versus Justificatory Crisis Rhetoric,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 50 : 307 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , Richard M. 1953 . The Ethics of Rhetoric , 56 Chicago : Henry Regnery Company .
   Google Scholar
• Johannesen , Richard L. , Strickland , Rennard and Eubanks , Ralph T. 1970 . “Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric: An Interpretation,” . In Language Is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric , Edited by: Johannesen , Richard L. , Strickland , Rennard and Eubanks , Ralph T. 21 Baton Rouge : Louisiana State UP .
   Google Scholar
• Royce , Josiah . 1971 . The Philosophy of Josiah Royce , Edited by: Roth , John K. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , Clifford , ed. 1964 . Contemporary Idealism in America , New York : Russell and Russell . 1932
   Google Scholar
• James , William . 1967 . Pragmatism , Cleveland : Meridian Books . 1955;
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , John . 1931 . Philosophy and Civilization , New York : Minton, Balch .
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , John . 1950 . Theory of Valuation , Chicago : U of Chicago P . 1939;
   Google Scholar
• Weaver . Ethics , 56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weaver , Richard M. 1970 . “Language Is Sermonic,” . In Language Is Sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the Nature of Rhetoric , Edited by: Johannesen , Richard L. , Strickland , Rennard and Eubanks , Ralph T. 212 – 213 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State UP .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , Kenneth . 1969 . A Grammar of Motives , 171 Berkeley : U of California P . 1945;
   Google Scholar
• Weaver . “Language Is Sermonic” . 214 – 215 . 214
   Google Scholar
• Bormann , Ernest G. 1985 . The Force of Fantasy: Restoring the American Dream , 18 – 19 . 44 – 52 . Carbondale : Southern Illinois UP .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , Roderick P. 1984 . “The Functions of Human Communication in the Maintenance of Public Values,” . In Handbook of Rhetorical and Communication Theory , Edited by: Arnold , Carroll C. and Bowers , John Waite . 759 Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , Carroll C. 1977 . “Reflections on American Public Discourse,” . Central States Speech Journal , 28 : 74 73
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , Christopher Jon . 1989 . Belief Systems and Decision Making in the Mayaguez Crisis , 5 Gainesville : U of Florida P .
   Google Scholar
• Crabb , Cecil V. Jr. 1989 . American Diplomacy and the Pragmatic Tradition , 183 Baton Rouge : Louisiana State UP .
   Google Scholar
• 1962 . Public Papers , 22 Oct. : 807 809
   Google Scholar
• 1962 . Public Papers , 22 Oct. : 806
   Google Scholar
• 1962 . Public Papers , 28 Oct. : 815
   Google Scholar
• Vance , Cyrus . 1983 . Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy , 380 New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks Announcing Discontinuance of United States Imports . WCPD , 15 Nov. 12 : 2107
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Announcement of the President's Action . WCPD , 15 Nov. 14 : 2117
   Google Scholar
• Carter , Jimmy . 1976 . Why Not the Best? , 11 New York : Bantam .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , Martha Ann . 1983 . “Ideologues, Ideographs, and ‘The Best Men’: From Carter to Reagan,” . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 49 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , Christopher Lyle . 1978 . “Electing Ourselves in 1976: Jimmy Carter and the American Faith,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 42 : 246 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , John H. 1977 . “A Government as Good as Its People: Jimmy Carter and the Restoration of Transcendence to Politics,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 63 : 255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , Keith V. 1980 . “Jimmy Carter: The Rhetoric of Private and Civic Piety,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 44 : 223 224
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 15 Nov. 28 : 2167
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions . WCPD , 16 April 7 : 612
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Question‐and‐Answer Session With Foreign Correspondents . WCPD , 16 April 12 : 671
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Address to the Nation . WCPD , 16 Jan. 4 : 25
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session With American Society of Newspaper Editors . WCPD , 16 April 10 : 633
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and an Informal Exchange With Reporters . WCPD , 16 April 28 : 786
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks at a White House Briefing for State Governors . WCPD , 15 Nov. 16 : 2133
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Meetthe Press , Jan. 20
   Google Scholar
• WCPD , 16 112
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks to State Department Employees . WCPD , 15 Dec. 7 : 2205
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Session With Reporters . WCPD , April 18 : 745
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session With Editors and Broadcasters of Harte‐Hanks Communications . WCPD , 16 April 23 : 765
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 16 Sept. 18 : 1827
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session With Local Residents of Lyndhurst, New Jersey . WCPD , 16 Oct. 15 : 2265
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 16 April 17 : 706
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Address to the Nation . WCPD , 16 April 25 : 773
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session at a Town Meeting in Merced, California . WCPD , 16 July 4 : 1311
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session at a Townhall Meeting in Corpus Christi, Texas . WCPD , 16 Sept. 15 : 1731
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session at a Townhall Meeting in Flint, Michigan . WCPD , 16 Oct. 1 : 1992
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks Announcing Discontinuance of United States Imports . WCPD , 15 Nov. 12 : 2107
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Informal Exchange With Reporters After Voting . WCPD , 16 Nov. 4 : 2683
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks Announcing Discontinuance of United States Imports . WCPD , 15 Nov. 12 : 2107
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Question‐and‐Answer Session With Foreign Correspondents . WCPD , 16 April 12 : 669
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions . WCPD , 16 April 7 : 611 612
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , Allan J. 1980 . “A Mission Comes to Grief in Iran,” . Newsweek , 5 May : 24 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Address to the Nation . WCPD , 16 April 25 : 773
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Address to the Nation . WCPD , 16 April 25 : 772
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 16 April 29 : 794
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 16 April 29 : 793
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session at a Town Meeting in Merced, California . WCPD , 16 July 4 : 1311
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 15 Nov. 28 : 2173
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks Announcing Discontinuance of United States Imports . WCPD , 15 Nov. 12 : 2107 – 2108 .
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Address to the Nation . WCPD , 16 April 25 : 772
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions . WCPD , 16 April 7 : 612
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 15 Nov. 28 : 2169
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . The President's News Conference . WCPD , 16 Feb. 13 : 307
   Google Scholar
• Hitchens , Christopher . 1987 . “Minority Report,” . The Nation , 4/11 July : 7
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Informal Exchange With Reporters . WCPD , 16 Dec. 26 : 2841
   Google Scholar
• Foss , Sonja K. 1982 . “Abandonment of Genus: The Evolution of Political Rhetoric,” . Central States Speech Journal , 33 : 368 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Stroud , Joe and Tyson , Remer . 1980 . Detroit Free Press , Oct. 1
   Google Scholar
• WCPD , 16 2013
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks Announcing Discontinuance of United States Imports . WCPD , 15 Nov. 12 : 2107
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session With Editors and Broadcasters of Harte‐Hanks Communications . WCPD , 16 April 23 : 765
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . Remarks to State Department Employees . WCPD , 15 Dec. 7 : 2205
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions . WCPD , 16 April 7 : 612
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Remarks and a Question‐and‐Answer Session With Local Residents of Lyndhurst, New Jersey . WCPD , 16 Oct. 15 : 2265
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Question‐and‐Answer Session With Reporters From Westinghouse Broadcasting Company . WCPD , 16 April 18 : 742
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , Dan F. 1984 . “The Rhetoric of Jimmy Carter, 1976‐1980,” . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 14 : 272
   Google Scholar
• Brzezinski , Zbigniew . 1983 . Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977‐1981 , 508 – 509 . New York : Farrar, Straus, Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , James D. 1974 . “The Presidency: What Americans Want,” . In Perspectives on the Presidency , Edited by: Bach , Stanley and Sulzner , George T. 145 Lexington, MA : D.C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , Keith V. and Schmidt , Wallace V. 1982 . “Presidential Political Silence: Rhetoric and the Rose Garden Strategy,” . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 47 : 412 407 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Safire , William . 1990 . “Not Oil Nor Jobs,” Editorial . New York Times , 19 Nov. : A19
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia . WCPD , 26 August 8 : 1217
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia . WCPD , 26 August 8 : 1216
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , Eugene . 1979 . “Carter Agonistes,” . The New York Times Magazine , 5 Aug. : 28
   Google Scholar
• Szulc , Tad . 1978 . “Our Most Ineffectual Postwar President,” . Saturday Review , 29 April : 10
   Google Scholar
• Altenberg , Les and Cathcart , Robert . 1982 . “Jimmy Carter on Human Rights: A Thematic Analysis,” . Central States Speech Journal , 33 : 447
   Google Scholar