Brown kids in white suburbs: Housing mobility and the many faces of social capital

References

• Aber , Lawrence . The Effects of Poor Neighborhoods on Children, Youth, and Families: Theory, Research, and Policy Implications . Memorandum prepared for the Social Science Research Council Policy Conference on Persistent Neighborhood Poverty . November , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , Elijah . 1991 . “ Neighborhood Effects on Teenage Pregnancy ” . In The Urban Underclass , Edited by: Jencks , Christopher and Peterson , Paul . 375 – 98 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Barrera , Michael . 1981 . “ Social Support in the Adjustment of Pregnant Adolescents ” . In Social Networks and Social Support , Edited by: Gottlied , Barry H. 123 – 67 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Boissevain , Jeremy . 1974 . Friends of Friends. , Oxford, , England : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Braddock , Jo , Henry , Mills and McPartland , James M. 1987 . How Minorities Continue to Be Excluded from Equal Employment Opportunities: Research on Labor Market and Institutional Barriers. . Journal of Social Issues , 43 : 5 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs , Xavier de Souza . 1997a . Moving Up versus Moving Out: Neighborhood Effects in Housing Mobility Programs . Housing Policy Debate , 8 (1) : 195 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs , Xavier de Souza . 1997b . Social Capital and the Cities: Advice to Change Agents. . National Civic Review , 86 (2) : 111 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , Xavier de Souza , Darden , Joe T. and Aidala , Angela A. 1998 . In the Wake of Desegregation: The Early Impacts of Scattered‐Site Public Housing on Receiving Neighborhoods of Yonkers, New York . Journal of the American Planning Association , forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , Xavier de Souza and Lenhardt , Robin . After the Gavel Falls: Race, Community Politics, and Suburban Housing . Paper presented at the Harvard Civil Rights Project's Race and the Suburbs Conference . March 30 , Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , Xavier de Souza and Mueller , Elizabeth R. 1997 . From Neighborhood to Community: Evidence on the Social Effects of Community Development. , New York : Community Development Research Center, New School for Social Research . (with Mercer Sullivan)
   Google Scholar
• Brooks‐Gunn , Jeanne , Duncan , Gregory , Klebanov , Pamela and Sealand , Naomi . 1993 . Do Neighborhoods Influence Child and Adolescent Development? . American Journal of Sociology , 99 : 353 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burby , Raymond and Rohe , William M. 1989 . Deconcentration of Public Housing: Effects on Residents’ Satisfaction with Their Living Environments and Their Fear of Crime. . Urban Affairs Quarterly , 25 : 117 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Burt , Ronald . 1987 . A Note on Strangers, Friends, and Happiness. . Social Networks , 9 : 311 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt , Ronald . 1992 . Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , Karen E. , Marsden , Peter V. and Hurlbert , Jeanne . 1986 . Social Resources and Socioeconomic Status. . Social Networks , 8 : 97 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler , Mittie Olion . 1991 . The Effects of Public Housing Integration Efforts: The Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority Acquisition Housing Program , Cleveland State University, Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland , William S. 1985 . The Elements of Graphing Data. , Pacific Grove, CA : Wadsworth and Brooks .
   Google Scholar
• Crain , Robert L. and Wells , Amy S. 1994 . Perpetuation Theory and the Long‐Term Effects of School Desegregation. . Review of Educational Research , 64 : 531 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane , Jonathan . 1991 . “ Effects of Neighborhoods on Dropping Out of School and Teenage Childbearing ” . In The Urban Underclass , Edited by: Jencks , Christopher and Peterson , Paul . 299 – 320 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Danielson , Michael . 1976 . The Politics of Exclusion. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dembo , Richard , Schmeidler , Jay , Taylor , Robert and Burgos , William . 1982 . Supports for, and Consequences of, Early Drug Involvement among Inner City Junior High School Youth Living in Three Neighborhood Settings . Journal of Drug Education , 12 : 191 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentzer , Bill . 1992 . Little Has Changed 10 Years after Lawsuit . Gannett Suburban Newspapers , 31 March 17 : 3A
   Google Scholar
• Dickens , William T. Rebuilding Urban Labor Markets: What Community Development Can Accomplish . Paper presented at the First Research Conference of the National Community Development Policy Analysis Network . November , Washington, DC. The Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Downs , Anthony . 1973 . Opening Up the Suburbs. , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Falcon , Luis M. and Melendez , Edwin . The Role of Social Networks in the Labor Market Outcomes of Latinos, Blacks, and Non‐Hispanic Whites . Paper presented at the “Becoming American/America Becoming: International Migration to the United States" Conference . January 20 , Washington, DC. Social Science Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Fava , Sylvia . 1958 . “ Contrasts in Neighboring: New York City and a Suburban Community ” . In The Suburban Community , Edited by: Dobriner , William M. 78 – 94 . New York : Putnam .
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez , Roberto M. , Harris , David and Peterson , George E. 1992 . “ Social Isolation and the Underclass ” . In Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Opportunity , Edited by: Harrell , Adele V. 121 – 57 . Washington, DC : Urban Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , Claude . 1977 . Networks and Places: Social Relations in the Urban Setting. , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , Claude . 1982 . To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , Paul B. 1991 . Is Housing Mobility an Effective Anti‐Poverty Strategy? An Examination of the Cincinnati Experience. , Cincinnati : Stephen H. Wilder Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Furstenberg , Frank F. 1993 . “ How Families Manage Risk and Opportunity in Dangerous Neighborhoods ” . In Sociology and the Public Agenda , Edited by: Wilson , William Julius . 57 – 89 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Galaskiewicz , Joseph . 1979 . Exchange Networks and Community Politics. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , Mary Lou . 1994 . HUD's Geography of Opportunity . Planning , July : 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Galster , George and Keeney , Heather . 1993 . Subsidized Housing and Racial Change in Yonkers, New York. . Journal of the American Planning Association , 59 (2) : 172 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster , George and Killen , Sean P. 1995 . The Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: A Reconnaissance and Conceptual Framework . Housing Policy Debate , 6 : 10 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Gans , Herbert . 1962 . “ Urbanism and Suburbanism as Ways of Life: A Re‐Evaluation of Definitions ” . In Human Behavior and Social Processes: An Interactionist Approach , Edited by: Rose , Albert . 56 – 80 . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Gans , Herbert . 1967 . The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , C. L. and Raudenbush , S. 1991 . Neighborhood Effects on Education Attainment: A Multi‐Level Analysis . Sociology of Education , 64 October : 25 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , Abigail . 1997 . For Latinos, Contacts Key to Getting Jobs . San Francisco Examiner , November 30 : A4
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , Larry . 1997 . A Social Experiment in Pulling Up Stakes. Los . Angeles Times , September 23
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , Mark . 1973 . The Strength of Weak Ties Hypothesis. . American Journal of Sociology , 78 : 1360 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter , Mark . 1974 . Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , Gary P. , Tigges , Leann M. and Brown , Irene . 1995 . Social Resources, Job Search, and Poverty in Atlanta. . Research in Community Sociology , 5 : 161 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenbaum , Susan and Greenbaum , Paul . 1985 . The Ecology of Social Networks in Four Urban Neighborhoods. . Social Networks , 7 : 47 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haar , Charles M. 1996 . Suburbs under Siege: Race, Space, and Audacious Judges. , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haar , Charles M. 1997 . Judges as Agents of Social Change: Can the Courts Break the Affordable Housing Deadlock in Metropolitan Areas? . Housing Policy Debate , 8 (3) : 633 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannerz , Ulf . 1969 . Soulside: Inquiries into Ghetto Culture and Community. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hanratty , Maria , McLanahan , Sara and Pettit , Becky . The Impact of the Los Angeles Moving to Opportunity Program on Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Early Child and Parent Outcomes . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Harris , Richard . 1991 . “ The Geography of Employment and Residence in New York since 1950 ” . In Dual City: Restructuring New York , Edited by: Mollenkopf , John H. and Castells , Manuel . 151 – 78 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , Bennett C. and Weiss , Marcus . 1998 . Workforce Development Networks: Community‐Based Organizations and Regional Alliances. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hogan , James . 1996 . Scattered‐Site Housing: Characteristics and Consequences. , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development .
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , Harry . 1991 . The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown? . Urban Studies , 28 : 105 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , Mark Alan . 1995 . A Mobility Strategy for Improving Opportunity . Housing Policy Debate , 6 (1) : 271 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett , Robin . 1992 . Family Management Strategies in Low‐Income African‐American Neighborhoods: Two Styles , Loyola University, Department of Sociology . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Jeffers , Camille . 1967 . Living Poor: A Participant Observer Study of Choices and Priorities. , Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Jencks , Christopher , Mayer , Susan E. and McGeary , Michael G.H. 1990 . “ The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood ” . In Inner‐City Poverty in the United States , Edited by: Lynn , Lawrence E. Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , James H. 1995 . Bridging Social Networks and Female Labor Force Participation in a Multi‐Ethnic Metropolis , University of North Carolina . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Kadushin , Charles and Jones , Delmos . 1992 . Social Networks and Urban Neighborhoods in New York City. . City and Society , 6 : 58 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Kain , John . 1968 . Housing Desegregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization. . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 32 (2) : 175 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasarda , John D. 1992 . “ The Severely Distressed in Economically Transforming Cities ” . In Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Opportunity , Edited by: Harrell , Adele V. and Peterson , George E. 123 – 57 . Washington, DC : Urban Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Kasinitz , Philip and Rosenberg , Jan . 1996 . Missing the Connection: Social Isolation and Employment on the Brooklyn Waterfront. . Social Forces , 43 : 180 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , Lawrence , Kling , Jeffrey and Liebman , Jeffrey . Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Impacts of a Housing Mobility Program . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Keyes , Langley , Schwartz , Alex , Vidal , Avis and Bratt , Rachel . 1996 . Networks and Nonprofits: Opportunities and Challenges in an Era of Federal Devolution. . Housing Policy Debate , 7 (2) : 201 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd , Helen and Ludwig , Jens . The Effects of MTO on Educational Opportunities in Baltimore: Early Evidence . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Barrett , Campbell , Karen and Miller , Oscar . 1991 . Racial Differences in Urban Neighboring. . Sociological Forum , 6 : 525 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal , Tama and Brooks‐Gunn , Jeanne . What Are the Important Questions to Ask about Neighborhood Effects on Children and Youth? Implications for MTO . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Li , Chun‐Hao , Bagakas , Joshua and Darden , Joe T. 1995 . A Comparison of the U.S. Census Summary Tape Files 1A and 3A in Measuring Residential Segregation. . Journal of Economic and Social Measurement , 1 : 145 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Liebow , Eliott . 1967 . Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. , Boston : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , Nan , Ensel , William and Vaughn , James C. 1981 . Social Resources and the Strength of Ties: Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment. . American Sociological Review , 46 : 393 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden , Peter . 1988 . Social Resources and Mobility Outcomes: A Replication and Extension. . Social Forces , 66 : 1038 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matulef , Mark . Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program: Interim Outcomes of Housing Search and Counseling Strategies, Los Angeles Site, Early Lessons of Experimental Design and Implementation . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC. (with Manuel Pastor)
   Google Scholar
• McFadden , Robert D. 1988 . In Its Final Days of Defiance, Yonkers Had to Pick Its Fate . New York Times , September 12 : A1 B2 – B3 .
   Google Scholar
• Merry , Sally Engle . 1981 . Urban Danger: Life in a Neighborhood of Strangers. , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mizruchi , Mark S. and Galaskiewicz , Joseph . 1994 . “ Networks of Interorganizational Relations ” . In Advances in Social Network Analysis , Edited by: Wasserman , Stanley and Galaskiewicz , Joseph . 230 – 53 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , Martina . 1994 . “ Epidemiology and Social Networks: Modeling Structured Diffusion ” . In Advances in Social Network Analysis , Edited by: Wasserman , Stanley and Galaskiewicz , Joseph . 26 – 52 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan , Daniel P. 1971 . “ Toward a National Urban Policy ” . In Urban Studies: An Introductory Reader , Edited by: Lowenstein , Louis K. 127 – 45 . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders . 1968 . Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. , Edited by: Kerner , Otto . New York : New York Times Company . Chairman
   Google Scholar
• Newman , Katherine S. and Lennon , Chauncy . 1995 . Finding Work in the Inner City: How Hard Is It Now? How Hard Will It Be for AFDC Recipients? , Working Paper No. 76 New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , Oscar . 1996 . Creating Defensible Space. , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , Sandra , Harkness , Joseph and Yeung , Wei‐Jun J. Neighborhood Poverty, Assisted Housing, and the Educational Attainment of Children . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Norris , Donald and Bembry , Jim . Moving to Opportunity in Baltimore: Neighborhood Choices and Neighborhood Satisfaction . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Ogbu , John . 1978 . Minority and Caste in Education. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oliver , Melvin L. 1988 . The Urban Black Community as Network: Toward a Social Network Perspective. . Sociological Quarterly , 29 : 623 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastor , Manuel and Adams , Ara R. 1995 . Keeping Down with the Joneses: Neighbors, Networks, and Wages , Los Angeles : Occidental College . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Polikoff , Alexander , ed. 1995 . Housing Mobility: Promise or Illusion? , Washington, DC : Urban Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Portes , Alejandro and Sensenbrenner , Robert . 1993 . Embeddeness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action. . American Journal of Sociology , 98 : 1320 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , Robert D. 1995 . Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. . Journal of Democracy , 6 : 65 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , Emily , Denton , Nancy and Harris , Laura . New Places, New Faces: An Analysis of Neighborhoods and Social Ties among MTO Movers in Chicago . Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC..
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , James E. 1995 . Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program. . Housing Policy Debate , 6 (1) : 231 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , James E. and Popkin , Susan . 1991 . “ Employment and Earnings of Low‐Income Blacks Who Move to Middle‐Income Suburbs ” . In The Urban Underclass , Edited by: Jencks , Christopher and Peterson , Paul . 342 – 56 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , Peter H. and Freeman , Howard E. 1993 . Evaluation: A Systematic Approach. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , Robert J. , Raudenbush , Stephen W. and Earls , Felton . 1997 . Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multi‐Level Study of Collective Efficacy. . Science , 277 : 918 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , Sandra S. Poverty Concentration and Social Networks: Implications for Joblessness . Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association . August 15 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Stacey , William A. , Brown , Dennis Wayne and Coder , Kay . February 1988 . An Evaluation of the Satisfaction Level of Residents Relocated from West Dallas Housing Project to the Private Rental Sector. , February , Dallas : Report prepared for the Dallas Housing Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Stack , Carol B. 1974 . All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , Jennifer . 1991 . Yonkers Gives . Planning , December : 8 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , Mercer . 1989 . Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tienda , Marta . 1991 . “ Poor People and Poor Places: Deciphering Neighborhood Effects on Poverty Outcomes ” . In Macro‐Micro Linkages in Sociology , Edited by: Huber , Joan . 244 – 62 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , Margery Austin and Ellen , Ingrid Gould . The Effects of Neighborhoods on Families and Children: What We Can Learn from MTO. Paper presented at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Moving to Opportunity Research Conference . November 20 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Turner , Margery Austin and Williams , Kale . 1998 . Housing Mobility: Realizing the Promise, Report from the Second National Conference on Assisted Housing Mobility. , Washington, DC : Urban Institute .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . 1996 . Moving to Opportunity: First Biennial Report to Congress. Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• United States v. City of Yonkers et al. 1985. Civil Action 80CIV 6761 LBS.
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant , Lo¨ic and Wilson , William Julius . 1993 . “ The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City ” . In The Ghetto Underclass: Social Science Perspectives , Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science Edited by: Wilson , William Julius . 25 – 42 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Waldinger , Roger . 1996 . Still the Promised City? , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weir , Margaret . Community Development and the Paradox of Decentralization . Paper presented at the First Research Conference of the National Community Development Policy Analysis Network . November 20 , Washington, DC. The Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , Barry and Gulia , M. Which Types of Networks Provide What Kind of Support? . Paper presented at the International Sunbelt Network Conference . February 7 , Tampa, FL.
   Google Scholar
• White , Harrison C. 1970 . Chains of Opportunity: System Models of Mobility in Organizations. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , Paul . 1977 . Learning to Labor: How Working‐Class Kids Get Working‐Class Jobs. , Aldershot, , England : Gower .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , William Julius . 1987 . The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , William Julius . 1996 . When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Yonkers Family and Community Project . 1997 . Yonkers Revisited: Early Impacts of Scattered‐Site Public Housing on Families and Neighborhoods. , A Report to the Ford Foundation Edited by: Briggs , Xavier de Souza . Teachers College, Columbia University .
   Google Scholar