The spatial mismatch hypothesis: A review of recent studies and their implications for welfare reform

References

• Abramson , Alan J. , Tobin , Mitchell S. and VanderGoot , Matthew R. 1995 . The Changing Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: The Segregation of the Poor in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970 to 1990 . Housing Policy Debate , 6 (1) : 45 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Public Transit Association . 1994 . Access to Opportunity: Linking Inner‐City Workers to Suburban Jobs New York
   Google Scholar
• Arnott , Richard . 1998 . Economic Theory and the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis . Urban Studies , 35 (7) : 1171 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , Duran Jr. 1974 . “ Residential Location, Economic Performance, and Public Employment ” . In Patterns of Racial Discrimination, Vol. 1: Housing , Edited by: von Furstenberg , George M. , Harrison , Bennett and Horowitz , Ann R. Vol. 1 , 55 – 75 . Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Block , Farrell . 1994 . Antidiscrimination Law and Minority Employment , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenberg , Evelyn and Ong , Paul . 1998 . Job Accessibility and Welfare Usage: Evidence from Los Angeles . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 17 (4) : 639 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueckner , Jan and Martin , Richard . 1995 . “ Spatial Mismatch: An Equilibrium Analysis ” . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Cohn , Samuel and Fossett , Mark . 1996 . What Spatial Mismatch? The Proximity of Blacks to Employment in Boston and Houston . Social Forces , 75 : 557 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , Thomas J. 1993 . Proximity to Job Opportunities and African American Male Unemployment: A Test of the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis in Indianapolis . Professional Geographer , 45 (4) : 407 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , Thomas J. 1996 . City‐Suburb Differences in African American Male Labor Market Achievement . Professional Geographer , 48 (4) : 458 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , Thomas J. 1997 . Geographic Access to Job Opportunities and Labor Force Participation among Women and African Americans in the Greater Boston Metropolitan Area . Urban Geography , 18 (3) : 213 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulson , Edward , Laing , Derek and Wang , Paul . 1997 . “ Spatial Mismatch in Search Equilibrium ” . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Coulton , Claudia , Leete , Laura and Bania , Neil . “ Housing, Transportation and Access to Suburban Jobs by Welfare Recipients in the Cleveland Area ” . In The Home Front: Implications of Welfare Reform for Housing , Edited by: Newman , Sandra J. Washington, DC : Urban Institute Press . Forthcoming.
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , David M. and Glaeser , Edward M. 1997 . Are Ghettos Good or Bad? . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 112 (3) : 827 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs , Anthony . 1968 . Alternative Futures for the American Ghetto . Daedalus , Fall : 1331 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edel , Matthew . 1972 . “ Development vs. Dispersal: Approaches to Ghetto Poverty ” . In Readings in Urban Economics , Edited by: Edel , Matthew and Rothenberg , Jerome . 307 – 25 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Ellwood , David T. 1986 . “ The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Are There Teenage Jobs Missing in the Ghetto? ” . In The Black Youth Employment Crisis , Edited by: Freeman , Richard B. and Holzer , Harry . 147 – 87 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fainstein , Susan F. and Fainstein , Norman J. 1989 . The Racial Dimension in Urban Political Economy . Urban Affairs Quarterly , 25 (2) : 187 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Forlaw , Blair . 1998 . Work, Wheels, and Wages , St. Louis, MO/IL : East‐West Gateway Coordinating Council .
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , Stuart A. and Rosenthal , Stuart S. 1996 . Commutes, Neighborhood Effects, and Earnings: An Analysis of Racial Discrimination and Compensating Differentials . Journal of Urban Economics , 40 (1) : 61 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster , George C. and Killen , Sean P. 1995 . The Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: A Reconnaissance and Conceptual Framework . Housing Policy Debate , 6 (1) : 7 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster , George C. and Mikelsons , Maris . 1995 . The Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: A Case Study of Neighborhood Conditions Confronting Youth in Washington, D.C . Housing Policy Debate , 6 (1) : 73 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , Bennett . 1972 . The Intrametropolitan Distribution of Minority Economic Welfare . Journal of Regional Science , 12 : 23 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , Bennett . 1974 . Urban Economic Development: Suburbanization, Minority Opportunity, and the Condition of the Central City , Washington, DC : Urban Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Hartshorn , Truman and Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. 1993 . The Dynamics of Change: An Analysis of Growth in Metropolitan Atlanta over the Past Two Decades , Atlanta : Research Atlanta, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Heckman , James . 1979 . Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error . Econometrica , 47 : 153 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway , Steven R. 1996 . Job Accessibility and Male Teenage Employment, 1980‐ 1990: The Declining Significance of Space? . Professional Geographer , 48 (4) : 445 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer , Harry J. 1991 . The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown? . Urban Studies , 28 (1) : 105 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer , Harry J. 1996 . What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less‐Educated Workers , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , Harry J. and Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. 1996 . Spatial Factors and the Employment of Blacks at the Firm Level . New England Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston) , May/June : 65 – 82 . Special Issue
   Google Scholar
• Holzer , Harry J. , Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. and Sjoquist , David L. 1994 . Work, Search, and Travel among White and Black Youth . Journal of Urban Economics , 35 : 320 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , Mark Alan . 1995 . A Mobility Strategy for Improving Opportunity . Housing Policy Debate , 6 (1) : 271 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. 1992 . Job Accessibility and the Employment and School Enrollment of Teenagers , Kalamazoo, MI : W E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research .
   Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. 1994 . The Spatial Mismatch between Jobs and Residential Locations within Urban Areas . Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research , 1 (1) : 219 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. 1997 . Information on the Spatial Distribution of Job Opportunities within Metropolitan Areas . Journal of Urban Economics , 41 : 218 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. “ The Geography of Economic and Social Opportunity within Metropolitan Areas ” . In Metropolitan Governance and Personal Opportunity: Governmental Arrangements and Individual Life Chances in Urban America , Edited by: Altshuler , Alan , Morrill , William , Woldman , Harold and Mitchell , Faith . Washington, DC : National Academy Press . Forthcoming a.
   Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. Is the Labor Market Tighter outside the Ghetto? . Papers in Regional Science: Journal of the International Regional Science Association , Forthcoming b.
   Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. and Sjoquist , David L. 1990 . Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates . American Economic Review , 80 (1) : 267 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. and Young , Madelyn V. 1994 . Housing Segregation and the Wages and Commutes of Urban Blacks: The Case of Atlanta Fast‐Food Restaurant Workers . Review of Economics and Statistics , 76 : 425 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt , Keith R. and Young , Madelyn V. 1996 . The Spatial Distribution of Black Employment between the Central City and the Suburbs . Economic Inquiry , 64 : 613 – 707 .
   Google Scholar
• Immergluck , Daniel . 1996 . Job Proximity and the Urban Employment Problem: Do Suitable Nearby Jobs Reduce Neighborhood Unemployment Rates? , Chicago : Woodstock Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , Jerry . 1979 . Intraurban Variation in the Price of Housing . Journal of Urban Economics , 6 : 465 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Jargowsky , Paul A. 1997 . Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios and the American City , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Jencks , Christopher and Mayer , Susan E. 1990 . “ Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Job Opportunities ” . In Inner‐City Poverty in the United States , Edited by: Lynn , Lawrence E. Jr. and McGreary , Michael G. H. 187 – 222 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kain , John F. 1968 . Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 82 : 175 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kain , John F. 1992 . The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later . Housing Policy Debate , 3 (2) : 371 – 460 .
   Google Scholar
• Kain , John F. and Persky , Joseph J. 1969 . Alternatives to the Gilded Ghetto . Public Interest , Winter : 77 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasarda , John D. 1985 . “ Urban Change and Minority Opportunities ” . In The New Urban Reality , Edited by: Peterson , Paul E. 33 – 68 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Kasarda , John D. 1989 . Urban Industrial Transition and the Underclass . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 501 : 26 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarda , John D. and Ting , Kwok‐fai . 1996 . Joblessness and Poverty in America's Central Cities: Causes and Policy Prescriptions . Housing Policy Debate , 7 (2) : 387 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , Jonathan S. 1986 . “ Space, Time, and Unemployment: Los Angeles, 1980 ” . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Madden , Janice F. 1981 . Why Women Work Closer to Home . Urban Studies ,
   Google Scholar
• McLafferty , Sara and Preston , Valerie . 1992 . Spatial Mismatch and Labor Market Segmentation for African American and Latina Women . Economic Geography , 68 : 406 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLafferty , Sara and Preston , Valerie . 1996 . Spatial Mismatch and Employment in a Decade of Restructuring . Professional Geographer , 48 (4) : 417 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Moss , Phillip and Tilly , Chris . 1991 . Why Black Men Are Doing Worse in the Labor Market: A Review of Supply‐Side and Demand‐Side Explanations , New York : Social Science Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• O'Regan , Katherine M. and Quigley , John M. 1996 . Spatial Effects on Employment Outcomes: The Case of New Jersey Teenagers . New England Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston) , May/June : 41 – 57 . Special Issue
   Google Scholar
• O'Regan , Katherine M. and Quigley , John M. 1998 . Where Youth Live: Economic Effects of Urban Space on Employment Prospects . Urban Studies , 35 (7) : 1187 – 1205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orfield , Myron . 1997 . Metro Politics: A Regional Agenda for Community and Stability , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Pastor , Manuel Jr. and Adams , Ara Robinson . 1996 . Keeping Down with the Joneses: Neighbors, Networks, and Wages . Review of Regional Studies , 26 : 115 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Price , Richard and Mills , Edwin . 1985 . Race and Residence in Earnings Determination . Journal of Urban Economics , 17 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh , Margaret . 1998 . Barriers to Work: The Spatial Divide between Jobs and Welfare Recipients in Metropolitan Areas , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Raphael , Steven . 1998a . Inter‐ and Intra‐Ethnic Comparisons of the Central City—Suburban Youth Employment Differential: Evidence from the Oakland Metropolitan Area . Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 51 (3) : 505 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael , Steven . 1998b . The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis and Black Youth Joblessness: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area . Journal of Urban Economics , 43 : 79 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , Clifford E. 1985 . The Effect of Residential Location on the Wages of Black Women and White Women . Journal of Urban Economics , 18 : 350 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich , Michael J. 1997 . The Reality of Welfare Reform: Employment Prospects in Metropolitan Atlanta . Georgia Academy Journal , Summer : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Rich , Michael and Coughlin , Joseph . The Spatial Distribution of Economic Opportunities: Access and Accessibility Issues for Welfare in Metropolitan Atlanta . Paper presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , Cynthia L. 1997 . Job Search and Unemployment Duration: Implications for the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis . Journal of Urban Economics , 42 : 108 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , James E. 1996 . Discussion (on “Spatial Factors and the Employment of Blacks at the Firm Level,” by Harry J. Holzer and Keith R. Ihlanfeldt) . New England Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston) , May/June : 83 – 86 . Special Issue
   Google Scholar
• Ross , Glenwood . 1998a . “ Are Black Communities Truly Underserved? An Analysis of Retail Markets and Service Industries in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area ” . Georgia State University . Ph.D. diss.
   Google Scholar
• Ross , Stephen L. 1998b . Racial Differences in Residential and Job Mobility: Evidence Concerning the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis . Journal of Urban Economics , 43 : 112 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoquist , David L. 1996 . Spatial Mismatch and Social Acceptability , Georgia State University, Policy Research Center . Working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Tony and Zenou , Yves . 1997 . Dual Labor Markets, Urban Unemployment, and Multicentric Cities , London : Center for Economic Policy Research . Discussion Paper No. 1566
   Google Scholar
• Stoll , Michael A. Spatial Mismatch, Discrimination, and Male Youth Employment in the Washington, D.C. Area . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , Forthcoming a.
   Google Scholar
• Stoll , Michael A. When Jobs Move, Do Blacks and Latino Men Lose? . Urban Studies , Forthcoming b.
   Google Scholar
• Summers , Anita A. 1996 . A Statement of Our Concerns . New England Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston) , May/June : 173 – 76 . Special Issue
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , D. Brian and Ong , Paul M. 1995 . Spatial Mismatch or Automobile Mismatch? An Examination of Race, Residence and Commuting in U.S. Metropolitan Areas . Urban Studies , 32 (9) : 1453 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , Mark A. 1997 . The Impact of Spatial Mismatch on Female Labor Force Participation . Economic Development Quarterly , 11 (2) : 138 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , Susan C. 1997 . Barriers to a Better Break: Employer Discrimination and Spatial Mismatch in Metropolitan Detroit . Journal of Urban Affairs , 19 (2) : 123 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . 1997 . The State of the Cities Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Vrooman , John and Greenfield , Stuart . 1980 . Are Blacks Making It in the Suburbs? Some New Evidence on Intrametropolitan Spatial Segmentation . Journal of Urban Economics , 7 : 155 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasmer , E and Zenou , Yves . 1997 . “ Equilibrium Urban Unemployment ” . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , Bruce A. 1998 . “ Testing the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis Using Inter‐City Variations in Industrial Composition ” . Unpublished paper.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler , Laura A. 1990 . A Review of the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Its Impact on the Current Plight of the Central City in the United States , Occasional Paper No. 137 Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Metropolitan Studies Program .
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler , Laura A. 1993 . “ An Empirical Analysis of the Effect of Residential Location on Labor Force Participation Rates on Female‐Headed Households: A Test of the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis ” . Syracuse University . Ph.D. diss.
   Google Scholar
• White , Sammis B. , Zipp , John F. , McMahon , William F. , Reynolds , Peter D. , Osterman , Jeffery D. and Binkley , Lisa S. 1990 . ES202: The Database for Local Employment Analysis . Economic Development Quarterly , 4 (3) : 240 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , William Julius . 1987 . The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , William Julius . 1996 . When Work Disappears , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Wyly , Elvin K. 1996 . Race, Gender, and Spatial Segmentation in the Twin Cities . Professional Geographer , 48 (4) : 431 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yinger , John . 1995 . Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Zenou , Yves and Smith , Tony . 1995 . Efficiency Wages, Involuntary Unemployment, and Urban Spatial Structure . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 25 : 547 – 73 .
   Google Scholar