Location Efficiency and Affordability: A National Analysis of Walkable Access and HUD-Assisted Housing

References

• Adkins, A. (2014). Inaccessible accessibility: Low-income households and barriers to the “new American dream ( Working Paper). Tucson, AZ: University of Tucson.
   Google Scholar
• Badland, H. M., Schofield, G. M., & Garrett, N. (2008). Travel behavior and objectively measured urban design variables: Associations for adults traveling to work. Health & Place, 14, 85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basolo, V. (2013). Examining mobility outcomes in the housing choice voucher program: neighborhood poverty, employment, and public school quality. Cityscape, 15, 135–153.
   Google Scholar
• Basolo, V., & Nguyen, M. T. (2005). Does mobility matter? An analysis of housing voucher holders’ neighborhood conditions by race and ethnicity. Housing Policy Debate, 16, 297–324. doi:10.1080/10511482.2005.9521546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Been, V., Cunningham, M., Ellen, I. G., Gordon, A., Parilla, J., Turner, M. A., … Zimmerman, K. (2010). Building environmentally sustainable communities: A framework for inclusivity. Washington, DC: What Works Collaborative. Retrieved from http://furmancenter.org/files/publications/White-Paper-Environmentally-Sustainable-Communities.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, G. G., McNeill, L. H., Wolin, K. Y., Duncan, D. T., Puleo, E., & Emmons, K. M. (2007). Safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and physical activity among public housing residents. PLoS Med., 4, 1599–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishaw, A. (2014). Changes in areas with concentrated poverty: 2000 to 2010. American Community Survey Reports. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/acs/acs-27.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bredderman, W. (2015). City on the edge: The problems, policies, politics and people of NYCHA. Observer. Retrieved from http://observer.com/2015/04/city-on-the-edge-the-problems-policies-politics-and-people-of-nycha/
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, X. S. (Ed.). (2005). The geography of opportunity. Race and housing choice in metropolitan America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, X. S., Popkin S. J., & Goering, J.. (2010). Moving to opportunity: The story of an American experiment to fight ghetto poverty: The story of an American experiment to fight ghetto poverty. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of the Census. (1970). Low-income areas in large cities. Subject Report. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Commerce
   Google Scholar
• Carr, L. J., Dunsiger, S. I., & Marcus, B. H. (2010). Walk score as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability. American Journal of Preventive Medicine., 39, 460–463. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerin, E., Leslie, E., du Toit, L., Owen, N., & Frank, L. D. (2007). Destinations that matter: Associations with walking for transport. Health and Place, 13, 713–724. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2006.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., & Hendren, R. (2015, May). The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility: Childhood exposure effects and county-level estimates ( Harvard University and NBER Working Paper). Retrieved from http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/hendren/files/nbhds_paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clemente, O., Ewing, R., Handy, S., Brownson, R., & Winston, E. (2005). Measuring urban design qualities—an illustrated field manual. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.activelivingresearch.org/index.php/Tools_and_Measures/312
   Google Scholar
• Collinson, R. A., & Ganong, P. (2015). The incidence of housing voucher generosity. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2255799
   Google Scholar
• Comey, J., Briggs, X. S., & Weismann, G. (2008). Struggling to stay out of high-poverty neighborhoods: Lessons from the moving to opportunity experiment. In Three-City Study of Moving to Opportunity Brief No. 6. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Cortright, J. (2009). How walkability raises home values in U.S. cities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. CEOs For Cities.
   Google Scholar
• Cutts, B. B., Darby, K. J., Boone, C. G., & Brewis, A. (2009). City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: an integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1314–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dastrup, S., Ellen, I., Jefferson, A., Weselcouch, M., Schwartz, D., & Cuenca, K. (2015). The effects of neighborhood change on New York City Housing Authority residents. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. E. (1984). Reallocating equity: A land trust model of land reform. In C. C. Geisler and F. J. Popper, (Eds.), Land Reform, American Style (pp. 209-232). Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield. [ Reprinted in 2010 in The Community Land Trust Reader, 362–385].
   Google Scholar
• DeFilippis, J., & Wyly, E. (2008). Running to stand still: Through the looking glass with federally subsidized housing in New York City. Urban Affairs Review, 43, 777–816. doi:10.1177/1078087407312179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, R. (forthcoming). The determinants and welfare implications of U.S. workers’ diverging location choices by skill: 1980–2000. American Economic Review. https://www.aeaweb.org/forthcoming/output/accepted_AER.php
   Google Scholar
• Ding, C., & Knaap, G. (2003). Property values in inner-city neighborhoods: The effects of homeownership, housing investment, and economic development. Housing Policy Debate, 13, 701–726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunton, G. F., Kaplan, J., Wolch, J., Jerrett, M., & Reynolds, K. D. (2009). Physical environmental correlates of childhood obesity: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 10, 393–402.10.1111/obr.2009.10.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellen, I., & Turner, M. (1997). Does neighborhood matter? Assessing recent evidence. Housing Policy Debate, 8, 833–866. doi:10.1080/10511482.1997.9521280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellen, I., & Weselcouch, M. (2015). Housing, neighborhoods, and opportunity: The location of New York City’s subsidized affordable housing. New York, NY: NYU Furman Center.
   Google Scholar
• Ellen, I., Schwartz, A. E., Voicu, I., & Schill, M. H. (2007). Does federally subsidized rental housing depress neighborhood property values? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26, 257–280. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppli, M. J., & Tu, C. C. (1999). Valuing the new urbanism: The impact of the new urbanism on prices of single-family homes. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A., & Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 47–57. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folch, D., Arribas-Bel, D., Koschinsky, J., & Spielman, S. (2014). Spatial variation in the quality of American Community Survey estimates ( GeoDa Center Working Paper). Retrieved from https://geodacenter.asu.edu/category/public/spatial-variati
   Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Kerr, J., Sallis, J. F., Miles, R., & Chapman, J. (2008). A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity. Preventive Medicine, 47, 172–178. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Front Seat. (2010). Walk score methodology. Seattle, WA. Front Seat White Paper. Retrieved from http://www2.walkscore.com/pdf/WalkScoreMethodology.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Funderburg, R., & MacDonald, H. (2010). Neighbourhood valuation effects from new construction of low-income housing tax credit projects in Iowa: A natural experiment. Urban Studies, 47, 1745–1771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, L. (2013). The end of the suburbs: Where the American dream is moving. New York, NY: Portfolio Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Galster, G. C. (2013). U.S. assisted housing programs and poverty deconcentration: A critical geographic review. In D. Manley, M. van Ham, N. Bailey, L. Simpson, & D. Maclennan (Eds.), Neighbourhood effects or neighbourhood based problems? A policy context ( pp. 215–249). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Galster, G. C., & Killen, S. P. (1995). The geography of metropolitan opportunity: A reconnaissance and conceptual framework. Housing Policy Debate, 6, 7–43. doi:10.1080/10511482.1995.9521180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster, G. C., & Mikelsons, M. (1995). The geography of metropolitan opportunity: A case study of neighborhood conditions confronting youth in Washington, DC. Housing Policy Debate, 6, 73–102. doi:10.1080/10511482.1995.9521182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster, G. C., Hayes, C., & Johnson, J. (2005). Identifying neighborhood indicators identifying robust, parsimonious neighborhood indicators. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24, 265–280. doi:10.1177/0739456X04267717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geolytics, Inc (2010). Census 2000 and ACS 2005–2009 Packages. East Brunswick, NJ: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Giles-Corti, B., & Donovan, R. J. (2003). Relative influences of individual, social environmental, and physical environmental correlates of walking. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1583–1589. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government Accountability Office. (2009). Affordable housing in transit-oriented development: key practices could enhance recent collaboration efforts between DOT-FTA and HUD. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Haas, P. M., Makarewicz, C., Benedict, A., Sanchez, T. W., & Dawkins, C. J. (2006). Housing & transportation cost trade-offs and burdens of working households in 28 metros. Chicago, IL: Center for Neighborhood Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Haughey, R., & Sherriff, R. (2010). Challenges and policy options for creating and preserving affordable housing new transit and in other location-efficient areas. Washington, DC: Center for Housing Policy, National Housing Conference, and What Works Collaborative.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, A. R. (1998). Making the second ghetto. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226342467.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Houston, D., Basolo, V., & Yang, D. (2013). Walkability, transit access, and traffic exposure for low-income residents with subsidized housing. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 673–678. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabareen, Y. R. (2006). Sustainable urban forms: Their typologies, models, and concepts. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26, 38–52. doi:10.1177/0739456X05285119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jargowsky, P. A. (1997). Poverty and place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American city. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Juday, L. J. (2015). The changing shape of American cities. Charlottesville, VA: Demographics Research Group Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service University of Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Kasarda, J. D. (1993). Inner‐city concentrated poverty and neighborhood distress: 1970 to 1990. Housing Policy Debate, 4, 253–302. doi:10.1080/10511482.1993.9521135
   Google Scholar
• Katz, B. (2013). The metropolitan revolution: How cities and metros are fixing our broken politics and fragile economy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kawitzky, S., Freiberg, F., Houk, D. L., & Hankins, S. (2013). Choice constrained, segregation maintained: Using federal tax credits to provide affordable housing. a report on the distribution of low income housing tax credits in the New York City Region. New York, NY: Fair Housing Justice Center.
   Google Scholar
• Khadduri, J. (2001). Deconcentration: What do we mean? What do we want? Cityscape, 5, 69–84.
   Google Scholar
• Khadduri, J. (2013). Creating balance in the locations of LIHTC developments: The role of qualified allocation plans. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsley, G. T., & Pettit, K. L. (2008). Have MTO families lost access to opportunity neighborhoods over time? Three-City Study of Moving to Opportunity Brief, 2, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Kneebone, E., & Berube, A. (2013). Confronting suburban poverty in America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institutions Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kneebone, E., & Holmes, N. (2015). The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institutions Press. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2015/03/24-job-proximity/srvy_jobsproximity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Koschinsky, J., Talen, E., Alfonzo, M., & Lee, S. (2016). How walkable is walkers’ paradise? Environment and Planning B. doi:10.1177/0265813515625641
   Google Scholar
• Leyden, K. M. (2003). Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1546–1551. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S., & Kanaiaupuni, S. M. (1992). Public housing and the concentration of poverty: A research note. Social Science Quarterly, 74, 109–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazmanian, D. A., & Kraft, M. E. (1999). Toward sustainable communities: Transition and transformations in environmental policy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• McClure, K. (2010). The prospects for guiding housing choice voucher households to high-opportunity neighborhoods. Cityscape, 12, 101–122.
   Google Scholar
• Moudon, A. V., Lee, C., Cheadle, A. D., Garvin, C., Johnson, D., Schmid, T. L., … Lin, L. (2006). Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood: Theoretical and empirical insights. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3, 99–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Association of Realtors. (2013). The 2013 national community preference survey. Washington, DC: Strategic Services, LLC. Conducted by American Strategies and Myers Research.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, A. C. (2013). Reshaping metropolitan America. Washington, DC: Island Press. doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-222-8
   Google Scholar
• Newman, S. J., & Schnare, A. B. (1997). “… And a suitable living environment”: The failure of housing programs to deliver on neighborhood quality. Housing Policy Debate, 8, 703–741. doi:10.1080/10511482.1997.9521275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyden, P., Lukehart, J., Maly, M. T., & Peterman, W. (1998). Chapter 1: Neighborhood racial and ethnic diversity in U.S. cities. Cityscape, 4, 1-17.
   Google Scholar
• Oakley, D. (2008). Locational patterns of low-income housing tax credit developments: A sociospatial analysis of four metropolitan areas. Urban Affairs Review, 43, 599–628. doi:10.1177/1078087407309432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley, D., & Burchfield, K. (2009). Out of the projects, still in the hood: The spatial constraints on public-housing residents' relocation in chicago. Journal of Urban Affairs, 31, 589–614. doi:10.1111/juaf.2009.31.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Management and Budget. (2003). Metropolitan statistical areas, micropolitan statistical areas, combined statistical areas, New England city and town areas, combined New England city and town areas. OMB Bulletin No. 03-04 Attachment. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, L., Feins, J. D., Jacob, R., Beecroft, E., Sanbonmatsu, L., Katz, L. F., … Kling, J. B. (2003). Moving to opportunity for fair housing demonstration program: Interim impacts evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
   Google Scholar
• Parolek, D. (2015). Missing middle housing: Responding to the demand for walkable urban living. Logos Opticos: Composing Vibrant Urban Places. Retrieved from http://missingmiddlehousing.com/dev/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Missing-Middle-Housing-Responding-to-the-Demand-for-Walkable-Urban-Living-by-Daniel-Parolek.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pendall, R. (2000). Why voucher and certificate users live in distressed neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate, 11, 881–910. doi:10.1080/10511482.2000.9521391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendall, R., & Caruthers, J. I. (2003). Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000. Housing Policy Debate, 14, 541–589. doi:10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendall, R., & Parilla, J. (2011). Comment on Emily Talen and Julia Koschinsky’s ‘‘Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago’’: ‘‘Sustainable’’ urban form and opportunity: Frames and expectations for low-income households. Housing Policy Debate, 21, 33–44. doi:10.1080/10511482.2010.534388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivo, G., & Fisher, J. D. (2011). The walkability premium in commercial real estate investments. Real Estate Economics, 39, 185–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, S., Bluestone, B., & Billingham, C. (2010). Maintaining diversity in America’s transit-rich neighborhoods: Tools for equitable neighborhood change. Boston, MA: Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy at Northeastern University.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78. doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002
   Google Scholar
• Quigley, L. (Ed). (2010). Preserving affordable housing near transit: Case studies from Atlanta, Denver, Seattle and Washington, DC Enterprise Community Partners, Retrieved from http://www.practitionerresources.org/cache/documents/674/67410.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Riggs, W. (2014). Inclusively walkable: Exploring the equity of walkable housing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Local Environment, 1-28. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2014.982080
   Google Scholar
• Rockefeller Foundation. (2014). Rockefeller millennials survey 2014. New York, NY: Global Strategy Group.
   Google Scholar
• Roman, C. G., & Chalfin, A. (2008). Fear of walking outdoors: A multilevel ecologic analysis of crime and disorder. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 306–312. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saelens, B. E., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Built environment correlates of walking: A review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(7 Suppl), S550–S566. http://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a410.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. (2008). Moving to inequality: Neighborhood effects and experiments meet social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 114, 189–231. doi:10.1086/589843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, M. M., Cohen, D. A., Evenson, K. R., Elder, J., Catellier, D., Ashwood, J. S., & Overton, A. (2007). Weekend schoolyard accessibility, physical activity, and obesity: The trial of activity in adolescent girls (TAAG) study. Preventive Medicine, 44, 398–403. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey, P., & Graham, B. (2013). Mobility and the metropolis how communities factor into economic mobility. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts.
   Google Scholar
• Song, Y., & Knaap, G. (2003). New urbanism and housing values: A disaggregate assessment. Journal of Urban Economics, 54, 218–238. doi:10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00059-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speck, J. (2012). Walkable city: How downtown can save America. One step at a time. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
   Google Scholar
• Sugrue, T. J. (2005). The origins of the urban crisis: Race and inequality in postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (2002). Pedestrian access as a measurement of urban quality. Planning Practice and Research, 17, 257–278. doi:10.1080/026974502200005634
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (2003). Neighborhoods as service providers: A methodology for evaluating pedestrian access. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30, 181–200. doi:10.1068/b12977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (2008). Design for diversity. Exploring socially mixed neighborhoods. Amsterdam: Elsevier Architectural Press.
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (2010). Affordability in new urbanist development: Principle, practice, and strategy. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32, 489–510. doi:10.1111/juaf.2010.32.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E., & Koschinsky, J. (2011). Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago. Housing Policy Debate, 21, 1–28. doi:10.1080/10511482.2010.533618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E., & Koschinsky, J. (2013). The walkable neighborhood: A literature review. International Journal of Sustainable Land Use & Urban Planning, 1, 42–63.
   Google Scholar
• Talen, E., & Koschinsky, J. (2014a). The neighborhood quality of subsidized housing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80, 67–82. doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.935232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E., & Koschinsky, J. (2014b). Compact, walkable, diverse neighborhoods:Assessing effects on residents. Housing Policy Debate, 24, 717–750. doi:10.1080/10511482.2014.900102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E., Lee, S., & Koschinsky, J. (2015). Walkable access, zoning, and street characteristics: An analysis of six cities. Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Temkin, K., & Rohe, W. (1997). Social capital and neighborhood stability: An empirical investigation. Paper presented at the Fannie Mae Foundation Annual Housing Conference, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Timperio, A., Salmon, J., Telford, & Crawford, D. (2005). Perceptions of local neighbourhood environments and their relationship to childhood overweight and obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 170–175. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, C. C., & Eppli, M. J. (2001). An empirical examination of traditional neighborhood development. Real Estate Economics, 29, 485–501. doi:10.1111/reec.2001.29.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. (2010). H4 : Tenure. Retrieved from http://factfinder2.census.gov
   Google Scholar
• Urban Land Institute. (2013). “America in 2013: A ULI survey of views on housing, transportation and community. Washington, DC. Retrieved from www.uli.org/research/centers-initiatives/terwilliger-center-for-housing/research/community-survey/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Commerce. (2010). 2010 Census Designated Place, 2010 tiger/Line Shapefile. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.ofm.wa.gov/pop/geographic/tiger10/metadata/cdp10.html
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Transportation. (2015). Location affordability portal. Understanding the combined cost of housing and transportation. Version 2. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Transportation. (2011). National household travel survey. Sponsored by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the Federal Highway Administration. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, and Reconnecting America. (2008). Realizing the potential: One year later, housing opportunities near transit in a changing market. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Vale, L. J. (2000). From the puritans to the projects: Public housing and public neighbors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (2000). Vouchering out distressed subsidized developments: Does moving lead to improvements in housing and neighborhood conditions? Housing Policy Debate, 11, 115–162. doi:10.1080/10511482.2000.9521365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (2003). Housing vouchers and residential mobility. Journal of Planning Literature, 18, 17–30. doi:10.1177/0885412203254333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varady, D. P., & Walker, C. C. (2007). Neighborhood choices: Section 8 housing vouchers and residential mobility. New Brunswick, NJ: CUPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, M., & Zhang, X. (2009). Contextual effects of built and social environments of urban neighborhoods on exercise: A multilevel study in Chicago. American Journal of Health Promotion, 23, 247–254. doi:10.4278/ajhp.07052448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K., Burton, E., & Jenks, M. (2000). Achieving sustainable urban form. London: Spon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner-city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, L., Shannon, T., Bulsara, M., Pikora, T., McCormack, G., & Giles-Corti, B. (2008). The anatomy of the safe and social suburb: An exploratory study of environment, social capital and residents’ perceptions of safety. Health & Place, 14, 15–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielenbach, S. (2003). Assessing economic change in HOPE VI neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate, 14, 621–655. doi:10.1080/10511482.2003.9521489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar