References
- Ahern, J., & Galea, S. (2006). Social context and depression after a disaster: The role of income inequality. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(9), 766–770. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.042069
- Allen, G. (2017, December 18). U.S. handled Puerto Rico Hurricane aftermath badly, says refugee group. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/18/571781560/u-s-handled-puerto-rico-hurricane-aftermath-badly-says-refugee-group.
- Banuchi, R. (2018, February 5). Llueven las denegatorias de asistencia por parte de FEMA en Puerto Rico. Centro de Periodismo Investigativo. http://periodismoinvestigativo.com/2018/02/llueven-las-denegatorias-de-asistencia-por-parte-de-fema-en-puerto-rico/
- Bolin, R., & Bolton, P. (1986). Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in Disaster Recovery. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
- Bolin, R., & Stanford, L. (1991). Shelter, housing and recovery: A comparison of U.S. disasters. Disasters, 15(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1991.tb00424.x
- Buchele, M. (2017, September 22). Questions Persist over How FEMA decides who gets help. KUT 90.5. https://www.kut.org/post/questions-persist-over-how-fema-decides-who-gets-help
- DHS/FEMA. (2018, January 11). Privacy Impact Assessment for the Individual Assistance (IA) Program. DHS/FEMA/PIA-049. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/privacy-pia-fema-049-ia-january2018.pdf.
- Downton, M. W., & Pielke, R. A. Jr, (2001). Discretion without accountability: Politics, flood damage, and climate. Natural Hazards Review, 2(4), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2001)2:4(157)
- Ellis, K. (2011). Street-level bureaucracy revisited: The changing face of frontline discretion in adult social care in England. Social Policy & Administration, 45(3), 221–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00766.x
- Evans, T. (2011). Professionals, managers and discretion: Critiquing street-level bureaucracy. British Journal of Social Work, 41(2), 368–386. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcq074
- FEMA. (2018, August 17). Additional options available for applicants to verify home ownership. FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/news-release/20200220/opciones-adicionales-disponibles-para-que-los-solicitantes-comprueben-la
- FEMA. (2021, September 2). FEMA makes changes to individual assistance policies to advance equity for disaster survivors. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Press release HQ-21-193. https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210902/fema-makes-changes-individual-assistance-policies-advance-equity-disaster.
- Flavelle, C. (2021, October 27). FEMA says it’s still working to fix racial disparities in disaster aid. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/27/climate/fema-aid-racial-disparities.html
- Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. A. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural Hazards, 32(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000026792.76181.d9
- García, I. (2021). Deemed ineligible: Reasons homeowners in puerto rico were denied aid after hurricane María. Housing Policy Debate, 2021, 633. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2021.1890633
- Garrett, T. A., & Sobel, R. S. (2003). The political economy of FEMA disaster payments. Economic Inquiry, 41(3), 496–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbg023
- Girard, C., & Peacock, W. G. (1997). Ethnicity and segregation: Post hurricane relocation. In W. G. Peacock, B. H. Morrow, & H. Galdwin (Eds.), Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, gender and the sociology of disasters (pp. 191–205). Routledge.
- Gould, W. A., Wadsworth, F. H., Quiñones, M., Fain, S. J., & Álvarez-Berríos, N. L. (2017). Land use, conservation, forestry, and agriculture in Puerto Rico. Forests, 8(7), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8070242
- Grube, L. E., Fike, R., & Storr, V. H. (2018). Navigating disaster: An empirical study of federal assistance following Hurricane Sandy. Eastern Economic Journal, 44(4), 576–593. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41302-017-0098-x
- Guzman, G. G. (2019). Household income: 2018 (No. ACSBR/18-01). https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/acs/acsbr18-01.pdf
- Hersher, R. (2021, June 29). Why FEMA aid is unavailable to many who need it the most. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/29/1004347023/why-fema-aid-is-unavailable-to-many-who-need-it-the-most
- Høybye-Mortensen, M. (2015). Decision-making tools and their influence on caseworkers’ room for discretion. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(2), 600–615.
- Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico. (2018). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano de Puerto Rico, 2016 (IDH-PR). Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico.
- Johnson, L. A., & Olshansky, R. B. (2016). After great disasters: How six countries managed community recovery. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
- Junta de Planificación, Gobierno de Puerto Rico. (2015). Plan de Uso de Terrenos: Guías de Ordenanción del Territorio (PUT). https://jp.pr.gov/Portals/0/Plan%20de%20Usos%20de%20Terrenos/Memorial/Memorial%20PUT%20(para%20busqueda).pdf?ver=2017-05-10-161155-587
- Kamel, N., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2004). Residential assistance and recovery following the Northridge Earthquake. Urban Studies, 41(3), 533–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000178672
- Kousky, C. (2013). Facts about FEMA household disaster aid: Examining the 2008 Floods and Tornadoes in Missouri. Weather, Climate, and Society, 5(4), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-12-00059.1
- Levine, J. N., Esnard, A. M., & Sapat, A. (2007). Population displacement and housing dilemmas due to catastrophic disasters. Journal of Planning Literature, 22(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412207302277
- Martín, C. (2019). Understanding U.S. housing data in relation to the 2017 Disasters. Natural Hazards Review, 20(3), 04019007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000331
- Marvel, L. F. (2008). Listen to what they say: Planning and community development in Puerto Rico. La Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico.
- May, P. J. (1985). Recovering from Catastrophes: Federal disaster relief policy and politics. Greenwood Press.
- Mickelson, S. S., Patton, N., Gordon, A., & Ramler, D. (2020). Fixing America’s Broken Housing Recovery System – Part One: Barriers to a Complete and Equitable Recovery. National Low Income Housing Coalition. https://www.urbanwaterslearningnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fixing-Americas-Broken-Disaster-Housing-Recovery-System_P1.pdf
- Oberfield, Z. W. (2010). Rule following and discretion at government’s frontlines: Continuity and change during organization socialization. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(4), 735–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mup025
- Olshansky, R. B. (2006). Planning after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976735
- Peacock, W. G., & Girard, C. (1997). Ethnic and racial inequalities in hurricane damage and insurance settlements. In W. G. Peacock, B. H. Morrow, & H. Galdwin (Eds.), Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, gender and the sociology of disasters (pp. 171–190). Routledge.
- Platt, R. H. (1999). Disasters and democracy: The politics of extreme natural events. Island Press.
- Puerto Rico Department of Housing. (2019). Puerto Rico disaster recovery action plan for the use of CDBG-DR Funds in Response to 2017 Hurricanes Irma and María (Action Plan Amendment Two). https://www.cdbg-dr.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PRDOH_AmendmentTwo_Non-SubstantialAmendment_EFFECTIVE082319.pdf
- Reeves, A. (2011). Political disaster: Unilateral powers, electoral incentives, and presidential disaster declarations. The Journal of Politics, 73(4), 1142–1151. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611000843
- Rivera, D. Z. (2019). Fighting FEMA: Urban informality and disaster response in Rio Grande Valley Colonias. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5ef136bc13a8bb5431930a56/t/5f2b1a84192a5f71ea6e556e/1596660365421/2019_descriptive_fighting_fema_rivera.pdf
- Tendler, J. (1997). Good government in the tropics. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- United States General Accountability Office (GAO). (2020). Additional actions needed to Strengthen FEMA’s Individuals and Households Program. GAO-20-503. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/709775.pdf
- Viglucci, A. (2020). They Lost Homes in Hurricane María, But Didn’t Have Deeds. FEMA Rejected Their Claims. Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article217935625.html.