Beyond the Male Condom: The Evolution of Gender-Specific HIV Interventions for Women

References

• AIDS Institute, New York State Department of Health . 1992 . Sexually transmitted HIV infection and women: Methods of personal protection , Albany , NY : New York State Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Amaro , H. 1990 . “ Women's reproductive rights in the age of AIDS: New threats to informed choice ” . In From abortion to reproductive freedom: Transforming a movement , Edited by: Fried , M. G. 245 – 254 . Boston : South End Press .
   Google Scholar
• Amaro , H. 1995 . Love, sex, and power: Considering women's realities in HIV prevention . American Psychologist , 50 : 437 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaro , H. and Raj , A. 2000 . On the margin: Power and women's HIV risk reduction strategies . Sex Roles , 42 : 723 – 749 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaro , H. , Raj , A. and Reed , E. 2001 . Women's sexual health: The need for feminist analyses in public health in the decade of behavior . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 25 : 324 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artz , L. , Macaluso , M. , Brill , I. , Kelaghan , J. , Austin , H. Fleenor , M. 2000 . Effectiveness of an intervention promoting the female condom to patients at sexually transmitted disease clinics . American Journal of Public Health , 90 : 237 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach , J. and Coates , T. J. 2000 . HIV prevention research: Accomplishments and challenges for the third decade of AIDS . American Journal of Public Health , 90 : 1029 – 1032 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1992 . “ A social cognitive approach to the exercise of control over AIDS infection ” . In Adolescents and AIDS: A generation in jeopardy , Edited by: Mays , V. M. , Albee , G. W. and Schneider , S. F. 1 – 20 . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , M. , ed. 1974 . The Health Belief Model and personal health behavior , Thorofare , NJ : Slack .
   Google Scholar
• Beksinska , M. E. , Rees , H. V. , Dickson-Tetteh , K. E. , Mqoqi , N. , Kleinschmidt , I. and McIntyre , J. A. 2002 . Structural integrity of the female condom after multiple uses, washing, drying and re-lubrication . Contraception , 63 : 33 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Berer , M. 1993 . Women and AIDS: An international resource book , London : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Blanc , A. The effect of power in sexual relationships on reproductive and sexual health: An examination of the evidence. In The Population Council . Conference Proceedings, Power in Sexual Relationships: An opening dialogue among reproductive health professionals . pp. 1 – 7 . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , R. E. and Watters , J. K. 1994 . How effective are risk-reduction interventions targeting injecting drug users? . AIDS , 8 : 1515 – 1524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounds , W. , Guillebaud , J. and Newman , G. B. 1992 . Female condom (Femidom). A clinical study of its use-effectiveness and patient acceptability . The British Journal of Family Planning , 18 : 36 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowleg , L. , Belgrave , F. Z. and Reisen , C. A. 2000 . Gender roles, power strategies and precautionary sexual self-efficacy: Implications for Black and Latina women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors . Sex Roles , 42 : 613 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner , U. 1979 . The ecology of human development . American Psychologist , 32 : 513 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers , E. S. 1996 . “ How well does the traditional sexual script explain sexual coercion: Review of a program of research ” . In Sexual coercion in dating relationships , Edited by: Byers , E. S. and O'Sullivan , L. 7 – 26 . New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Byers , E. S. and Wilson , P. 1985 . Accuracy of women's expectations regarding men's responses to refusals of sexual advances in dating situations . International Journal of Women's Studies , 8 : 376 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabral , R. J. , Pulley , L. V. , Artz , L. M. , Brill , I. and Macaluso , M. 1998 . Women at risk of HIV/STD: The importance of male partners as barriers to condom use . AIDS and Behavior , 2 : 75 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , C. A. 1995 . Male gender roles and sexuality: Implications for Women's AIDS risk and prevention . Social Science and Medicine , 41 : 197 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catania , J. A. , Kegeles , S. K. and Coates , T. J. 1990 . Towards an understanding of risk behaviors: An AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM) . Health Education Quarterly , 17 : 53 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cates , W. Jr. and Stone , K. M. 1992 . Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive choice: A literature update—Part I . Family Planning Perspectives , 24 : 75 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Celentano , D. D. , Nelson , K. E. , Lyles , C. M. , Beyrer , C. , Eiumtrakul , S. Go , V. F. 1998 . Decreasing incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men: Evidence for success of the HIV/AIDS control and prevention program . AIDS , 12 : F29 – F36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 1992 . 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults . Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report , 41 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 1995 . Update: AIDS among women—United States, 1994 . Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report , 44 : 81 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 1996a . 1995 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 7(2)
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 1996b . Update: Mortality attributable to HIV infection among persons aged 25–44 years—United States, 1994 . Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report , 45 : 121 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 2002a . Deaths among persons with AIDS through December 2000 . HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report , 8 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 2002b . HIV/AIDS Surveillance , 13 ( 2 ) 2001
   Google Scholar
• Chiasson , M. A. , Stoneburner , R. L. , Hildebrandt , D. S. , Ewing , W. E. , Telzak , E. E. and Jaffe , H. W. 1991 . Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 associated with the use of smokable freebase cocaine (crack) . AIDS , 1 : 1121 – 1126 .
   Google Scholar
• Chodorow , N. 2001 . The power of feelings: Personal meaning in psychoanalysis, gender, and culture , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , K. H. and Coates , T. J. 1994 . Prevention of HIV infection . AIDS , 8 : 1371 – 1389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates , T. J. , Ehrhardt , A. A. and Celentano , D. 2001 . “ Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevention: Applying the lessons learned ” . In AIDS clinical review 2000/2001 , Edited by: Volberding , P. and Jacobson , M. A. 1 – 21 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. and Mays , V. M. 1993 . Applying social psychological models to predicting HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among African Americans . Journal of Black Psychology , 19 : 142 – 154 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , N. and Atwood , J. D. 1994 . Women and AIDS: The social construction of gender and diseases . Family Systems Medicine , 12 : 5 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , R. W. 1987 . Gender and power , Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , R. W. 1995 . Masculinities , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , R. W. 2002 . Gender: Short introductions , New York : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Corea , G. 1992 . The invisible epidemic: The story of women and AIDS , New York : Harper-Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Currie , D. 1988 . Rethinking what we do and how we do it: A study of reproductive decisions . Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology , 25 : 231 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , S. F. , Rosen , D. H. , Steinberg , S. , Wortley , P. M. , Karon , J. M. and Gwinn , M. 1998 . Trends in HIV prevalence among childbearing women, United States, 1989–1994 . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology , 19 : 158 – 164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deren , S. , Shedlin , M. and Beardsley , M. 1996 . HIV-related concerns and behaviors among Hispanic women . AIDS Education & Prevention , 8 : 335 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais , D. C. , Marmor , M. , Friedmann , P. , Titus , S. , Aviles , E. Deren , S. 2002 . HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1992–1997: Evidence for a declining epidemic . American Journal of Public Health , 90 : 352 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolcini , M. M. , Catania , J. A. , Coates , T. J. , Stall , R. , Hudes , E. S. Gagnon , J. H. 1993 . Demographic characteristics of heterosexuals with multiple partners: The National AIDS Behavioral Surveys . Family Planning Perspectives , 25 : 208 – 214 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drew , W. L. , Blair , M. , Miner , R. C. and Conant , M. 1990 . Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 17 : 110 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , D. 1997 . “ Introduction to the study of women and work ” . In Workplace/women's place , Edited by: Dunn , D. Los Angeles : Roxbury .
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , S. and Wachs , F. 1998 . Disciplining the body: HIV positive male athletes, media surveillance, and the policing of sexuality . Sociology of Sport Journal , 15 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlin , B. R. , Irwin , K. L. , Faruque , S. , McCoy , C. B. and Word , C. 1994 . Intersecting epidemics: Crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults . New England Journal of Medicine , 331 : 1422 – 1427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. 1992 . Trends in sexual behavior and the HIV pandemic . American Journal of Public Health , 82 : 1459 – 1461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. and Exner , T. M. 1991 . “ The impact of HIV infection on women's sexuality and gender role ” . In Women and AIDS: Promoting healthy behaviors , Edited by: Blumenthal , S. J. , Eichler , A. and Weissman , G. 36 – 40 . Rockville , MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. , Exner , T. M. , Hoffman , S. , Silberman , I. , Leu , C. S. Miller , S. 2002a . A gender-specific HIV/STD risk reduction intervention for women in a health care setting: Short- and long-term results of a randomized clinical trial . AIDS Care , 14 : 147 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. , Exner , T. M. , Hoffman , S. , Silberman , I. , Yingling , S. and Adams-Skinner , J. 2002b . HIV/STD risk and sexual strategies among women family planning clients in New York: Project FIO . AIDS and Behavior , 6 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. , Nöstlinger , C. , Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Exner , T. M. , Gruen , R. S. Yingling , S. L. 1995 . Sexual risk behavior among women with injected drug use histories . Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality , 7 : 99 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , A. A. , Yingling , S. , Zawadzki , R. and Martinez-Ramirez , M. 1992 . Prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV: Barriers for women . Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality , 5 : 37 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• El-Bassel , N. , Witte , S. S. , Gilbert , L. , Wu , E. , Chang , M. Hill , J. 2003 . The efficacy of a relationship-based HIV/STD prevention program for heterosexual couples . American Journal of Public Health , 93 : 963 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , C. J. and Heise , L. L. 1994 . Challenges for the development of female-controlled vaginal microbicides . AIDS , 8 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exner , T. M. , Gardos , P. S. , Seal , D. W. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 1999 . Heterosexual men in the AIDS epidemic: The forgotten group . AIDS and Behavior , 3 : 347 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Exner , T. M. , Seal , D. W. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 1997 . A review of HIV interventions for at-risk women . AIDS and Behavior , 2 : 93 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Ezeh , A. , Seroussi , M. and Raggers , H. 1996 . Men's fertility, contraceptive use, and reproductive preferences , Calverton , MD : Macro International . DHS Comparative Studies No. 18
   Google Scholar
• Farr , G. , Gabelnick , H. , Sturgen , K. and Dorflinger , L. 1994 . Contraceptive efficacy and acceptability of the female condom . American Journal of Public Health , 84 : 1960 – 1964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , J. D. and Fisher , W. A. 1992 . Changing AIDS-risk behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 111 : 455 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , J. D. and Fisher , W. A. 2000 . “ Theoretical approaches to individual level change in HIV risk behavior ” . In Handbook of HIV prevention , Edited by: Peterson , J. and DiClemente , R. 3 – 56 . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , N. and Mathie , E. 1993 . The acceptability and experience of the female condom, Femidom, among family planning clinic attenders . British Journal of Family Planning , 19 : 187 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox-Tierney , R. A. , Ickovics , J. R. , Cerrata , C. and Ethier , K. A. 1999 . Potential sex differences remain understudied: A case study of inclusion of women in HIV/AIDS-related neuropsychological research . Review of General Psychology , 3 : 44 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Fullilove , M. T. , Fullilove , R. E. , Haynes , K. and Gross , S. 1990 . Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding the rules . The Journal of Sex Research , 27 : 47 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilder , G. 1992 . Men and marriage , New York : Pelican Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gollub , E. L. 1999 . Human rights is a U.S. problem, too: The case of women and HIV . American Journal of Public Health , 89 : 1479 – 1482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollub , E. L. 2000 . The female condom: Tool for women's empowerment . American Journal of Public Health , 90 : 1377 – 1381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez , C. A. and Van Oss Marín , B. 1996 . Gender, culture and power: Barrier to HIV-prevention strategies for women . The Journal of Sex Research , 33 : 355 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , G. R. 2001 . Gender, sexuality and HIV/AIDS: The what, the why and the how . SIECUS Report , 29 : 6 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , G. R. and Weiss , E. 1993 . Women's lives and sex: Implications for HIV prevention . Culture and Medical Psychiatry , 17 : 399 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankins , C. A. and Handley , M. A. 1992 . HIV disease and AIDS in women: Current knowledge and a research agenda . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 5 : 957 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannenberg , R. S. , Rojanapithayakorn , W. , Kunasol , P. and Sokal , D. C. 1994 . Impact of Thailand's HIC-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases . Lancet , 344 : 243 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll , S. E. , Jackson , A. P. , Lavin , J. , Britton , P. J. and Shepherd , J. B. 1993 . Safer sex knowledge, behavior, and attitudes of inner-city women . Health Psychology , 12 : 481 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , K. , Karon , J. and Kreiss , J. 1990 . The increasing frequency of heterosexually acquired AIDS in the United States, 1983–1988 . American Journal of Public Health , 80 : 858 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaler , A. 2002 . A jellyfish or a dream come true?: The female condom north and south Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Kalichman , S. C. , Carey , M. P. and Johnson , B. T. 1996 . Prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection: A meta-analytic review of the behavioral outcome literature . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 18 : 6 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamb , M. L. and Wortley , P. M. 2000 . “ Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS in women ” . In Women and health , Edited by: Goldman , M. and Hatch , M. 336 – 351 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman , M. 1997 . “ The construction of masculinity and the triad of men's violence ” . In Gender violence: Interdisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: O'Toole , L. and Schiffman , J. 30 – 51 . New York : NYU Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. A. and Kalichman , S. C. 2002 . Behavioral research in HIV/AIDS primary and secondary prevention: Recent advances and future directions . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 626 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. A. , Murphy , D. A. , Washington , C. D. , Wilson , C. D. , Koob , J. J. Davis , D. R. 1994 . HIV/AIDS prevention for women seen in urban primary care clinics: Effects of intervention to change high-risk sexual behavior patterns . American Journal of Public Health , 84 : 1918 – 1922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansky , A. , Thomas , J. C. and Earp , J. 1998 . Partner-specific sexual behaviors among persons with both main and other partners . Family Planning Perspectives , 30 : 93 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Logan , T. K. , Cole , J. and Leukefeld , C. 2002 . Women, sex, and HIV: Social and contextual factors, meta-analysis of published interventions, and implications for practice and research . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 851 – 885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , T. K. and Leukefeld , C. 2000 . Violence and HIV Risk Behavior among male and female crack users . Journal of Drug Issues , 30 : 261 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber , J. 1994 . Paradoxes of gender , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacPhail , C. and Campbell , C. 2001 . “I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things”: Condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township . Social Science & Medicine , 52 : 613 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Mane , P. and Aggleton , P. 2000 . “ Cross-national perspectives on gender and power ” . In Framing the sexual subject: The politics of gender, sexuality, and power , Edited by: Parker , R. , Barbosa , R. M. and Aggleton , P. 104 – 116 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mantell , J. , Hoffman , S. , Exner , T. , Morrissey , K. , Lee , J. Brothers , L. New York City health care providers' perceptions of female-initiated barrier methods: Knowledge, acceptability and promotion [Abstract] . 14th International AIDS Conference Abstracts . 2002 , Barcelona , Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Messner , M. A. 1997 . The politics of masculinity: Men in movements , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , B. 1986 . Toward a new psychology of women , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , S. , Exner , T. M. , Williams , S. P. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 2000 . A gender specific intervention for at-risk women . AIDS Care , 12 : 603 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misovich , S. J. , Fisher , J. D. and Fisher , W. A. 1997 . Close relationships and elevated HIV risk behavior: Evidence and possible underlying psychological processes . Review of General Psychology , 1 : 72 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Mize , S. J. , Robinson , B. E. , Bockting , W. O. and Scheltema , K. E. 2002 . Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions for women . AIDS Care , 14 : 163 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , K. M. and Allsworth , J. E. 2000 . Sexual risk in Lesbians and bisexual women . Journal of the Gay ad Lesbian Medical Association , 4 : 159 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Oakley , A. , Fullerton , D. and Holland , J. 1995 . Behavioral interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention . AIDS , 9 : 479 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary , A. 2000 . Women at risk for HIV from a primary partner: Balancing risk and intimacy . Annual Review of Sex Research , 11 : 191 – 234 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortiz-Torres , B. , Williams , S. P. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 2003 . Urban women's gender scripts: Implications for HIV . Culture, Health, & Sexuality , 5 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan , L. F. and Byers , E. S. 1992 . College students' incorporation of initiator and restrictor roles in sexual dating interactions . The Journal of Sex Research , 29 : 435 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padian , N. S. , O'Brien , T. R. , Chang , Y. , Glass , S. and Francis , D. P. 1993 . Prevention of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through couple counseling . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 6 : 1043 – 1048 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnick , R. D. 1993 . Changes in poverty, income inequality, and the standard of living in the United States during the Reagan years . International Journal of Health Services , 23 : 347 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska , J. O. and DiClemente , C. C. 1992 . The transtheoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of change , Homewood , IL : Dow/Jones/Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Richter , D. L. , Sy , F. S. , Mukhtar , Q. , Addy , C. L. and Macera , C. A. 1992 . Contraception and HIV prevention among women in public health clinics . Health Values , 16 : 3 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Rockefeller Foundation, The . 2002 . Mobilization for microbicides: The decisive decade , New York : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. J. and Gollub , E. L. 1992 . Commentary: Methods women can use that may prevent sexually transmitted disease, including HIV . American Journal of Public Health , 82 : 1473 – 1478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks , V. 1996 . Women and AIDS: An analysis of media misrepresentation . Social Science and Medicine , 42 : 59 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanday , P. 1997 . “ The sociocultural context of rape: A cross-cultural study ” . In Gender violence: Interdisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: O'Toole , L. and Schiffman , J. 52 – 66 . New York : NYU Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , B. E. and Gould , M. 1987 . “ Female sexuality: Looking back into the future ” . In Analyzing gender: A handbook of social science research , Edited by: Hess , B. B. and Ferre , M. M. 120 – 153 . Newbury Park : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Seal , D. W. and Ehrhardt , A. A. 2003 . Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship, romantic, and sexual interactions with women . Culture Health and Sexuality , 5 : 295 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , L. 1994 . Straight sex: Rethinking the politics of pleasure , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sidel , R. 1996 . Women and children last: America's war on the poor , New York : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Sikkema , K. , Kelly , J. , Winett , R. , Solomon , L. , Cargill , V. Roffman , R. 2000 . Outcomes of a randomized community level HIC prevention intervention for women living in 18 low income inner city housing developments . American Journal of Public Health , 90 : 57 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikkema , K. J. , Winett , R. A. and Lombard , D. N. 1995 . Development and evaluation of an HIV-risk reduction program for female college students . AIDS Education and Prevention , 7 : 145 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solinger , R. 1992 . Wake up little Susie: Single pregnancy and race before Roe v. Wade , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Sobo , E. 1993 . “ Inner-city women and AIDS: The psychosocial benefits of unsafe sex ” . In Sexuality across the lifecourse , Edited by: Rossi , A. 63 – 97 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sobo , E. 1995 . Finance, romance, social support and condom use among impoverished inner-city women . Human Organization , 54 : 115 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper , D. , Shoupe , D. , Shangold , G. , Shangold , M. , Gutmann , J. and Mercer , L. 1993 . Prevention of vaginal trichomoniasis by compliant use of the female condom . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 20 : 137 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , Z. A. 1990 . HIV prevention: The need for methods women can use . American Journal of Public Health , 80 : 460 – 462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , Z. A. 1993 . HIV prevention: An update in the status of methods women can use [Editorial] . American Journal of Public Health , 83 : 1379 – 1382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , K. M. , Grimes , D. A. and Magder , L. S. 1986 . Personal protection against sexually transmitted diseases . American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology , 155 : 180 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strebel , A. 1995 . Whose epidemic is it: Reviewing the literature on Women and AIDS . South African Journal of Psychology , 25 : 12 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , W. M. and Pollack , R. H. 1988 . The effect of condom use and erotic instruction on attitudes towards condoms . The Journal of Sex Research , 25 : 537 – 541 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell , J. 1998 . Contraceptive efficacy of the Reality' female condom . Contraception , 58 : 147 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell , J. , Sturgen , K. , Strickler , J. and Dominik , R. 1994 . Comparative contraceptive efficacy of the female condom and other barrier methods . Family Planning Perspectives , 26 : 66 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2000 . Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, June, 2000 , Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2002a . Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, July, 2002 Retrieved from www.who.int/hiv/pub/epidemilogy
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2002b . AIDS Epidemic Update. December, 2002 Retrieved from www.who.int/hiv/pub/epidemilogy
   Google Scholar
• Van Damme , L. , Ramjee , G. , Alary , M. , Vuylsteke , B. , Chandeying , V. Rees , H. 2002 . Effectiveness of COL-1492, a Nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: A randomized controlled trial . Lancet , 360 : 971 – 977 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanwesenbeeck , I. 2001 . Another decade of social scientific work on sex work: A review of research 1990–2000 . Annual Review of Sex Research , 12 : 242 – 289 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1996 . When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wingood , G. and DiClemente , R. 1992 . Cultural, peer, and psychosocial influences on HIV-related behavior of African-American female adolescents: Implications for the development of tailored HIV prevention programs . Ethnicity and Diseases , 3 : 381 – 386 .
   Google Scholar
• Wingood , G. M. and DiClemente , R. J. 1996 . HIV sexual risk reduction interventions for women: A review . American Journal of Preventative Medicine , 12 : 209 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingood , G. M. and DiClemente , R. J. 1997a . The effects of an abusive primary partner on the condom use and sexual negotiation practices of African-American women . American Journal of Public Health , 87 : 1016 – 1018 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingood , G. M. and DiClemente , R. J. 1998 . Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult African American women . American Journal of Community Psychology , 26 : 29 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . 1997 . The female condom: A review , Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Wortley , P. M. and Fleming , P. L. 1997 . AIDS in women in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 278 : 911 – 916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , T. C. Jr. , Ellerbrock , T. V. , Chiasson , M. A. , Van Devanter , N. and Sun , X. W. 1994 . Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Prevalence, risk factors, and validity of Papanicolaou smears. New York Cervical Disease Study . Obstetrics & Gynecology , 84 : 591 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zierler , S. and Krieger , N. 1997 . Reframing women's risk: Social inequalities and HIV infection . Annual Review of Public Health , 18 : 401 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar