409
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research

The Trauma Outcome Process Assessment Model: A Structural Equation Model Examination of Adjustment

&
Pages 532-552 | Received 18 Dec 2007, Accepted 02 Jul 2009, Published online: 16 Sep 2009

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , text revision , Washington, DC : Author .
  • American Psychological Association . 2002 . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Baral , I. , Kora , K. , Yuksel , S. and Sezgin , U. 1998 . Self-mutilating behavior of sexually abused female adults in Turkey . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 13 : 427 – 437 .
  • Bernat , J. A. , Ronfeldt , H. M. , Calhoun , K. S. and Arias , I. 1998 . Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 : 645 – 664 .
  • Borja , S. E. , Callahan , J. C. and Long , P. 2006 . Positive and negative adjustment and social support of sexual assault survivors . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 19 : 905 – 914 .
  • Breslau , N. , Davis , G. C. , Andreski , P. and Peterson , E. 1991 . Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults . Archives of General Psychiatry , 48 : 216 – 222 .
  • Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. and Valentine , J. D. 2000 . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 748 – 766 .
  • Brodsky , B. S. , Oquendo , M. , Ellis , S. P. , Haas , G. L. , Malone , K. M. and Mann , J. J. 2001 . The relationship of childhood abuse to impulsivity and suicidal behavior in adults with major depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 1871 – 1877 .
  • Bronfenbrenner , U. 1978 . Toward an experimental ecology of human development . American Psychologist , 32 : 513 – 531 .
  • Buss , A. H. and Warren , W. L. 2000 . Aggression questionnaire: Manual , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
  • Christopher , M. 2004 . A broader view of trauma: A biopsychosocial-evolutionary view of the role of the traumatic stress response in the emergence of pathology and/or growth . Clinical Psychology Review , 24 : 75 – 98 .
  • Cohen , S. , Mermelstein , R. , Kamarck , T. and Hoberman , H. 1985 . “ Measuring the functional components of social support ” . In Social support: Theory, research, and applications , Edited by: Sarason , I. G. and Sarason , B. R. 73 – 92 . Dordrecht, , the Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers .
  • Costa , P. T. Jr. and McCrae , R. R. 1992 . Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
  • Davidson , J. R. T. , Book , S. W. , Colket , J. T. , Tupler , L. A. , Roth , S. David , D. 1997 . Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychological Medicine , 27 : 153 – 160 .
  • Davidson , J. R. T , Tharwani , H. M. and Connor , K. M. 2002 . Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS): Normative scores in the general population and effect sizes in placebo-controlled SSRI trials . Depression and Anxiety , 15 : 75 – 78 .
  • Derogatis , L. R. 1994 . SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual , 3rd , Minneapolis, MN : PAR .
  • Derogatis , L. R. 1997 . Appropriateness of SCL-90-R adolescent and adult norms in outpatient and nonpatient college students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 44 : 294 – 301 .
  • Doe , T. 1990 . Towards an understanding: An ecological model of abuse . Developmental Disabilities Bulletin , 18 : 13 – 20 .
  • Ehlers , A. , Hackmann , A. and Michael , T. 2004 . Intrusive re-experiencing in posttraumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy . Memory , 12 : 403 – 415 .
  • Engelhard , I. M. , van den Hout , M. A. and Kindt , M. 2003 . The relationship between neuroticism, pre-traumatic stress, and post-traumatic stress: A prospective study . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 381 – 388 .
  • Fauerbach , J. A. , Lawrence , J. W. , Schmidt , C. W. , Munster , A. M and Costa , P. T. 2000 . Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 188 : 510 – 517 .
  • Feenstra , J. S. , Banyard , V. L. , Rines , E. N. and Hopkins , K. R. 2001 . First-year students' adaptation to college: The role of family variables and individual coping . Journal of College Student Development , 42 : 106 – 113 .
  • Fergusson , D. M. , Swain-Campbell , N. R. and Horwood , L. J. 2002 . Does sexual violence contribute to elevated rates of anxiety and depression in females? . Psychological Medicine , 32 : 991 – 996 .
  • Finkelhor , D. 1988 . “ The trauma of child sexual abuse: Two models ” . In Lasting effects of child sexual abuse , Edited by: Wyatt , G. E. and Powell , G. J. 61 – 82 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Finkelhor , D. and Browne , A. 1985 . The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 55 : 530 – 541 .
  • Foa , E. B. and Riggs , D. S. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: Theoretical considerations and empirical findings . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 4 : 61 – 65 .
  • Foley , P. F. , Hartman , B. W. , Dunn , A. B. , Smith , J. E. and Goldberg , D. M. 2002 . The utility of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory with offenders . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 46 : 364 – 378 .
  • Frazier , P. A. 1990 . Victim attributions and post-rape trauma . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 298 – 304 .
  • Gray , M. , Litz , B. , Hsu , J. and Lombardo , T. 2004 . Psychometric properties of the Life Events Checklist . Assessment , 11 : 330 – 341 .
  • Greenwald , R. 2002 . The role of trauma in conduct disorder . Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma , 6 : 5 – 23 .
  • Hardin , E. , Bayer , I. K , Nixon , A. E. and Robitschek , C. . Self-discrepancy and distress: The role of personal growth initiative . Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association . Toronto, Canada. August ,
  • Horowitz , M. J. , Rosenberg , S. E. , Baer , B. A. , Ureno , G. and Villasenor , V. S. 1988 . Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 : 885 – 892 .
  • Jang , K. L. , Stein , M. B. , Taylor , S. , Asmundson , G. J. and Livesley , W. J. 2003 . Exposure to traumatic events and experiences: Aeitological relationships with personality function . Psychiatry Research , 120 : 61 – 69 .
  • Kessler , R. C. , Sonnega , A. , Bromet , E. , Hughes , M. and Nelson , C. B. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 1048 – 1060 .
  • Keyes , C. L. M. 2002 . The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 43 : 207 – 222 .
  • Keyes , C. L. M. 2005 . Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 : 539 – 548 .
  • Keyes , C. L. M. 2006 . Mental health in adolescence: Is America's youth flourishing? . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 76 ( 3 ) : 395 – 402 .
  • Kilpatrick , D. G. 2005 . Final editorial . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 : 589 – 593 .
  • Kline , R. B. 2004 . Principles and practice of Structural Equation Modeling , 2nd , New York : Guilford .
  • Koss , M. P. , Bailey , J. A. , Yuan , N. P. , Herrera , V. M. and Lichter , E. L. 2003 . Depression and PTSD in survivors of male violence: Research and training initiatives to facilitate recovery . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 27 : 130 – 142 .
  • Lane , S. 1997 . “ The sexual abuse cycle ” . In Juvenile sexual offending: Causes, consequences, and correction , Edited by: Ryan , G. and Lane , S. 77 – 121 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • Lauterbach , D. and Vrana , S. 2001 . The relationship among personality variables, exposure to traumatic events, and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 14 : 29 – 45 .
  • Linley , P. A. , Joseph , S. , Cooper , R. , Harris , S. and Meyer , C. 2003 . Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 16 : 481 – 485 .
  • Low , G. , Jones , D. , MacLeod , A. , Power , M. and Duggan , C. 2000 . Childhood trauma, dissociation, and self-harming behaviour: A pilot study . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 73 : 269 – 278 .
  • Marshall , G. N. , Schell , T. L. , Elliot , M. N. , Berthold , S. M. and Chun , C. 2005 . Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 294 : 571 – 579 .
  • McCubbin , H. I. , Olson , D. and Larsen , A. 1981 . “ Family Crises Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (FCOPES) ” . In Family assessment: Resiliency, coping, and adaptation—Inventories for research and practice , Edited by: McCubbin , H. I. , Thompson , A. I. and McCubbin , M. A. 455 – 508 . Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Press . Eds.pp
  • McMillen , C. J. and Fisher , R. H. 1998 . The Perceived Benefit Scales: Measuring perceived positive life changes after negative events . Social Work Research , 22 : 173 – 186 .
  • Miller , M. W. 2003 . Personality and the etiology and expression of PTSD: A three factor model perspective . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 10 : 373 – 393 .
  • Myers , J. K. and Bean , L. L. 1968 . A decade later: A follow-up of social class and mental illness , New York : Wiley .
  • Nightengale , J. and Williams , R. M. 2000 . Attitudes to emotional expression and personality in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 39 : 243 – 254 .
  • Norris , F. H. 1992 . Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact on different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 60 : 409 – 418 .
  • Rasmussen , L. A. 1999 . The Trauma Outcome Process: An integrated model for guiding clinical practice with children with sexually abusive behavior problems . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 8 : 3 – 33 .
  • Rasmussen , L. A. 2001 . Integrating cognitive-behavioral and expressive therapy interventions: Applying the Trauma Outcome Process in treating children with sexually abusive behavior problems . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 10 : 1 – 29 .
  • Rasmussen , L. A. 2004 . Differentiating youth who sexually abuse: Applying a multidimensional framework when assessing and treating subtypes . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 13 : 57 – 82 .
  • Rasmussen, L. A. (2008) Challenging traditional paradigms: Applying the Trauma Outcome Process (TOPA) Model in treating sexually abusive youth who have histories of abusive trauma http://www.ccoso.org/newsletter/challenging%20paradigms.pdf (Accessed: 5 May 2008 ).
  • Rasmussen , L. A. , Burton , J. and Christopherson , B. J. 1992 . Precursors to offending and the Trauma Outcome Process in sexually reactive children . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 1 : 33 – 48. .
  • Riolli , L. , Savick , V. and Cepani , A. 2002 . Resilience in the face of catastrophe: Optimism, personality, and coping in the Kosovo crisis . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 32 : 1604 – 1627 .
  • Robitschek , C. 1998 . Personal Growth Initiative: The construct and its measure . Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development , 30 : 138 – 198 .
  • Rodriguez , M. , Perez , V. and Garcia , Y. 2005 . Impact of traumatic experiences and violent acts upon response to treatment of a sample of Colombian women with eating disorders . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 37 : 299 – 306 .
  • Romano , E. and DeLuca , R. V. 2001 . Male sexual abuse: A review of effects, abuse characteristics, and links with later psychological functioning . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 6 : 55 – 78 .
  • Ryan , G. , Lane , S. , Davis , J. and Issac , C. 1987 . Juvenile sex offenders: Development and correction . Child Abuse and Neglect , 11 : 385 – 395 .
  • Ryan , G. , Miyoshi , T. J. , Metzner , J. L. , Krugman , R. D. and Fryer , G. E. 1996 . Trends in a national sample of sexually abusive youths . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 35 : 17 – 25 .
  • Schmidt , U. , Tiller , J. , Blanchard , M. , Andrews , B. and Treasure , J. 1997 . Is there a specific trauma precipitating anorexia nervosa? . Psychological Medicine , 27 : 523 – 530 .
  • Seifert , K. 2003 . Childhood trauma: Its relationship to behavioral and psychiatric disorders . Forensic Examiner , 12 : 27 – 33 .
  • Senn , C. Y. , Desmarais , S. , Verberg , N. and Wood , E. 2000 . Predicting coercive sexual behavior across the lifespan in a random sample of Canadian men . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 17 : 95 – 113 .
  • Spielberger , C. D. 1999 . State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resource .
  • Swan , S. C. , Gambone , L. J. , Fields , A. M. , Sullivan , T. P. and Snow , D. L. 2005 . Women who use violence in intimate relationships: The role of anger, victimization, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder . Violence and Victims , 20 : 267 – 285 .
  • Tedeschi , R. G. and Calhoun , L. G. 1995 . Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Thompson , M. 2000 . Life after rape: A chance to speak? . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 15 : 325 – 343 .
  • Turner-Cobb , J. M. , Sephton , S. E. , Koopman , C. , Blake-Mortimer , J. and Spiegel , D. 2000 . Social support and salivary cortisol in women with metastatic breast cancer . Psychosomatic Medicine , 62 : 337 – 345 .
  • Ullman , S. E. and Siegel , J. M. 1994 . Predictors of exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress sequelae . Journal of Community Psychology , 22 : 328 – 338 .
  • van Gerko , K. , Hughes , M. L. , Hamill , M. and Waller , G. 2005 . Reported childhood sexual abuse and eating-disordered cognitions and behaviors . Child Abuse and Neglect , 29 : 375 – 382 .
  • Wheeler , K. , Greiner , P. and Boulton , M. 2005 . Exploring alexithymia, depression, and binge eating in self-reported eating disorders in women . Perspectives in Psychiatric Care , 41 : 114 – 123 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.