Relationships between Early Life Victimization, Antisocial Traits, and Sexual Violence: Executive Functioning as a Mediator

References

• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 7–27. doi:10.1177/0011128705281756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusti, E. M., & Melinder, A. (2013). Maltreatment is associated with specific impairments in executive functions: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 780–783. doi:10.1002/jts.21860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686–694. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483–486. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore, S. J., & Choudhury, S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3), 296–312. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, L., Nydegger, L. A., Camariollo, G., Trinidad, D. R., Schramm, E., & Ames, S. L. (2015). Neurological changes in brain structure and functions among individuals with a history of childhood sexual abuse: A review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, N. K., & Guo, S. (2012). Structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bremer, J. (2006). Essay: Juveniles who engage in sexually harming behavior—A restorative justice system. William Mitchel Law Review, 32(3), 1085–1093.
   Google Scholar
• Bremmer, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D. S. (1999). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1787–1795. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.2.321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, D., Miller, D. L., & Shill, C. T. (2002). A social learning theory comparison of sexual victimization of adolescent sexual offenders and nonsexual offending male delinquents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(9), 893–907. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00360-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D. L., Demuynck, S., & Yoder, J. R. (2015). Executive dysfunction predicts delinquency but not characteristics of sexual aggression amongst adolescent sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. doi:10.1177/1079063214556357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D. L., Duty, K. J., & Leibowitz, G. A. (2011). Differences between sexually victimized and non-sexually victimized male adolescent sexual abusers: Developmental antecedents and behavioral components. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(1), 77–93. doi:10.1080/10538712.2011.541010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 456. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, M. F. (2016). Quantifying the decline in juvenile sexual recidivism rates. Psychology Public Policy and Law, 22 (4),414–426. doi:10.1037/law0000094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo, A., . A., Frick, P. J., & Brodsky, S. L. (1999). Family violence and juvenile sex offending: The potential mediating role of psychopathic traits and negative attitudes towards women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26(3), 338–356. doi:10.1177/0093854899026003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corp, IBM. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Creeden, K. (2009). How trauma and attachment can impact neurodevelopment: Informing our understanding and treatment of sexual behaviour problems. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(3), 261–273. doi:10.1080/13552600903335844
   Google Scholar
• Davis, A. S., Moss, L. E., Nogin, M. M., & Webb, N. A. (2015). Neuropsychology of child maltreatment and implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 52(1), 77–91. doi:10.1002/pits.21806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, G. E., & Leitenberg, H. (1987). Adolescent sex offenders. Psychological Bulletin, 101(3), 417–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D., Spratt, E. G., & Hooper, S. R. (2011). Neurodevelopmental biology associated with childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(5), 548–587. doi:10.1080/10538712.2011.607753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety, J., & Laam, C. (2007). The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction: How low-level computational processes contribute to meta-cognition. The Neuroscientist, 13(6), 580–593. doi:10.1177/1073858407304654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubin, M. W. (2001). How the brain works. Massachusetts, USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrer, E., O’Hare, E. D., & Bunge, S. A. (2009). Fluid reasoning and the developing brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 3, 46–51. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.003.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., & Chaffin, M. (2009). Juveniles who commit sex offenses against minors. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin (NCJ 227763). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J. (2004). The Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits. Unpublished rating scale.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 359–375. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Retzlaff, P. D., & Espy, K. A. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF) in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychology. Special Issue: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), 8(4), 249–257. doi:10.1076/chin.8.4.249.13513
   Google Scholar
• Gostisha, A. J., Vitacco, M. J., Dismukes, A. R., Brieman, C., Merz, J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2014). Beyond physiological hypoarousal: The role of life stress and callous unemotional traits in incarcerated adolescent males. Hormones and Behavior, 65(5), 469–479. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, S. C., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2004). Behavior rating inventory of executive function–self-report version. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. doi:10.1177/0734282906288390
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, M., Tapsctott, J. L., & Hoaken, P. N. (2010). Role of executive dysfunction in predicting frequency and severity of violence. Aggressive Behavior, 36(5), 338–349. doi:10.1002/ab.20353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoaken, P. N., Shaughnessy, V. K., & Pihl, R. O. (2003). Executive cognitive functioning and aggression: Is it an issue of impulsivity? Aggressive Behavior, 29(1), 15–30. doi:10.1002/ab.10023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure a nalysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90–98. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffee, S. R., & Maikovich-Fong, A. K. (2014). Effects of chronic maltreatment and maltreatment timing on children’s behavior and cognitive abilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52((2)), 184–194. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02304.x
   Google Scholar
• Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Marsee, M. A., Cruise, K., Munoz, L. C., … Morris, A. S. (2008). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(3), 241–252. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirke-Smith, M., Henry, L., & Messer, D. (2014). Executive functioning: Developmental consequences on adolescents with histories of maltreatment. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 32(3), 305–319. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (2004). Testing an etiological model for male juvenile sexual offending against females. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(3–4), 33–55. doi:10.1300/J070v13n03_03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, V., & Hoaken, P. N. (2007). Cognition, emotion, and neurobiological development: Mediating the relation between maltreatment and aggression. Child Maltreatment, 12(3), 281–298. doi:10.1177/1077559507303778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J., Baglivio, M., Wolff, K. T., Epps, N., Royall, W., Gomez, K., & Kaplan, D. (2017). You learn what you live: Prevalence of childhood adversity in the lives of juveniles arrested for sexual offenses. Advances in Social Work, 18(1), 1–18. doi:10.18060/21204
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Willis, G. M., & Prescott, D. S. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of male sex offenders: Implications for trauma informed care. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(4), 340–359. doi:10.1177/1079063214535819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussier, P. (2017). Juvenile sex offending through a developmental life course criminology perspective: An agenda for policy and research. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 29(1), 51–80. doi:10.1177/1079063215580966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, K., & Lussier, P. (2008). Antisociality, sexual deviance, and sexual reoffending in juvenile sex offenders: A meta-analytical investigation. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6(4), 363–385. doi:10.1177/1541204008320260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momoko, U. (2017). Developmental risk factors of juvenile sex offenders by victim age: An implication for specialized treatment programs. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 37(122), 128.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, L. M., & Burton, D. L. (2014). An exploration of psychopathy in self-report measures among juvenile sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(5), 550–566. doi:10.1177/0306624X13479186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2015). Mplus (Version 7.4). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Nikulina, V., & Spatz Widom, C. (2013). Child maltreatment and executive functioning in middle adulthood: A prospective evaluation. Neuropsychology, 27(4), 417–427. doi:10.1037/a0032811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, J. M., Stewart, A. L., Chan, R. C. K., & Shum, D. H. K. (2011). Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 49(4), 1063–1107. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, B. D. (2006). The Neurosequential model of therapeutics: Applying principals of neuroscience to clinical work with traumatized and maltreated children. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27–52). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, B. D. (2009). Examining child maltreatment through a neurodevelopmental lens: Clinical application of the Neurosequential model of therapeutics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(4), 240–255. doi:10.1080/15325020903004350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, B. D., Pollard, R. A., Blakley, T. L., Baker, W. L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and “use-dependent” development of the brain: How “states” become “traits”. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271–291. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(199524)16:4<>1.0.CO;2-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentky, R., & Righthand, S. (2003). Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (JSOAP-II) Manual. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/202316.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Reavis, J. A., Looman, J., Franco, K. A., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives? The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 44–48. doi:10.7812/TPP/12-072
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, G. (2010). Juvenile sexual offending: Causes consequences and correction. In G. Ryan, T. Leversee, & S. Lane (Eds.), Sexually abusive youth: Defining the problem and the population (3rd ed., pp. 3–12). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., & Lalumière, M. L. (2010). What is so special about male adolescent sexual offending: A review and test of explanations through meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 526–575. doi:10.1037/a0019700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirtcliff, E. A., Vitacco, M. J., Graf, A. R., Gostisha, A. J., Merz, J. L., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2009). Neurobiology of empathy and callousness: Implications for the development of antisocial behavior. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27(2), 137–171. doi:10.1002/bsl.862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallbone, S., & Rayment-McHugh, S. (2013). Preventing youth sexual violence and abuse: Problems and solutions in the Australian context. Australian Psychologist, 4(1), 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00071.x
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28(1), 78–106. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wijk, A., Vermeiren, R., Loeber, R., Hart-Kerkhoffs, L., & Bullens, R. (2006). Juvenile sex offenders compared to non-sex offenders: A review of the literature 1995–2005. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(4), 227–243. doi:10.1177/1524838006292519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, R., Hyde, L., Baskin-Sommers, A., & Olson, S. (2017). Interactions between callous unemotional behaviors and executive function in early childhood predict later aggression and lower peer-liking in late childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 45(3), 597–z609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanklyn, S. G., Ward, A. K., Cormier, N. S., Day, D. M., & Newman, J. E. (2012). Can we distinguish juvenile violent sex offenders, violent non-sex offenders, and versatile violent sex offenders based on childhood risk factors? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 2128–2143. doi:10.1177/0886260511432153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S. F., Cruise, K. R., & Frick, P. J. (2009). Differential correlates to self-report and parent-report of callous–unemotional traits in a sample of juvenile sexual offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 27, 910–928. doi:10.1002/bsl.911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S. (1989). Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 3–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. R., Hansen, D. J., & Li, M. (2011). The traumatic stress response in child maltreatment and resultant neuropsychological effects. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worling, J. R. (2013). What were we thinking? Five erroneous assumptions that have fueled specialized interventions for adolescents who have sexually offended. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 8(3–4), 80–86. doi:10.1037/h0100988
   Google Scholar
• Yoder, J., Dillard, R., & Leibowitz, G. S. (2017). Family experiences and sexual victimization histories: A comparative analysis between youth sexual and nonsexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 0306624X17738063. doi:10.1177/0306624X17738063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder, J. R., & Brown, S. (2015). Challenges facing families of sexually abusive youth: What prevents service engagement? Victims & Offenders: an International Journal of Evidence-Based Research, Policy, and Practice, 10(1), 29–50. doi:10.1080/15564886.2013.875969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakireh, B., Ronis, S. T., & Knight, R. A. (2008). Individual beliefs, attitudes, and victimization histories of male juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 323–351. doi:10.1177/1079063208322424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar