“No strings attached”: A qualitative exploration of gay and bisexual men’s motivations for and attitudes toward engaging in casual sex while on vacation

References

• Agüero, F., Masuet-Aumatell, C., Morchon, S., & Ramon-Torrell, J. M. (2019). Men who have sex with men: A group of travelers with special needs. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 28, 74–80. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery, A. K., & Zenilman, J. M. (2015). Sexually transmitted diseases and travel: from boudoir to bordello. Microbiol Spectrum, 3(5), IOL5-0011-2015. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.IOL5-0011-2015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellis, M., Hughes, K., Thomson, R., & Bennett, A. (2004). Sexual behaviour of young people in international tourist resorts. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80(1), 43–47. doi:10.1136/sti.2003.005199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benotsch, E., Martin, A., Espil, F., Nettles, C., Seal, D., & Pinkerton, S. D. (2011). Internet use, recreational travel, and HIV risk behaviors in men who have sex with men. Journal of Community Health, 36(3), 398–405. doi:10.1007/s10900-010-9321-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benotsch, E. G., Mikytuck, J. J., Ragsdale, K., & Pinkerton, S. D. (2006). Sexual risk and HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men travelers to Key West, Florida: A mathematical modeling analysis. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20(8), 549–556. doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benotsch, E. G., Nettles, C. D., Wong, F., Redmann, J., Boschini, J., Pinkerton, S. D., … Mikytuck, J. J. (2007). Sexual risk behavior in men attending Mardi Gras celebrations in New Orleans, Louisiana. Journal of Community Health, 32(5), 343–356. doi:10.1007/s10900-007-9054-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benotsch, E. G., Seeley, S., Mikytuck, J. J., Pinkerton, S. D., Nettles, C. D., & Ragsdale, K. (2006). Substance use, medications for sexual facilitation, and sexual risk behavior among traveling men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33(12), 706–711. doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000218862.34644.0e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L. (2009). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bogart, L. M., & Delahanty, D. (2004). Psychosocial models. Handbook of Clinical Health Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, G., Prestage, G., Down, I., Ellard, J., & Triffit, K. (2018). Not so different? Comparison of risk profile of gay men who acquired HIV while travelling with those who acquired HIV in Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 29(1), 58–64. doi:10.1002/hpja.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsen, B., & Glenton, C. (2011). What about N? A methodological study of sample-size reporting in focus group studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(26), 26–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). HIV surveillance report, vol. 29. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. Published November 2018. Accessed March 31, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, C. L., & Ball, K. (2009). Predictors of self-efficacy to use condoms among seropositive middle-aged African American men. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(7), 889–904. doi:10.1177/0193945909339895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon, D. R. (2012). Sun, sand, and citizenship: The marketing of gay tourism. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(4), 511–534. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.648883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Elsesser, S. A., Oldenburg, C. E., Biello, K. B., Mimiaga, M. J., Safren, S. A., Egan, J. E., … Mayer, K. H. (2016). Seasons of risk: Anticipated behavior on vacation and interest in episodic antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among a large national sample of U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS and Behavior, 20(7), 1400–1407. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1238-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, J. A., Debattista, J., Rostami, S., Peet, A. R., Dean, J. A., Allen, K. E., & Stewart, M. (2015). Sexual risk taking in a community sample of backpackers visiting Brisbane, Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP2400–NP2409. doi:10.1177/1010539513483822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, M. P., Ramchand, R., Bana, S., & Iguchi, M. Y. (2013). Risk behaviors among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men at party-oriented vacations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(1), 158–167. doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusch, P., & Ness, L. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 1408–1416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & National Cancer Institute (2005). Theory at a glance: A guide for health promotion practice. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, R. M., Lama, J. R., Anderson, P. L., McMahan, V., Liu, A. Y., Vargas, L., … Glidden, D. V. (2010). Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 2587–2599. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1011205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochbaum, G. M. (1958). Public participation in medical screening programs: A sociopsychological study (Vol. 52). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Hynes, N. A. (2005). Sexually transmitted diseases in travelers. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 7(2), 132–137. doi:10.1007/s11908-005-0073-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1–47. doi:10.1177/109019818401100101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung, M. (2013). Sexual behavior and condom use among gay men, female sex workers, and their customers: Evidence from South Korea. PLoS One, 8(6), e66867. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, M. R., Fuhrel-Forbis, A. R., Kalichman, S. C., Eaton, L. A., Cain, D., Cherry, C., & Pope, H. L. (2009). On holiday: A risk behavior profile for men who have vacationed at gay resorts. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(8), 1134–1144. doi:10.1080/00918360903275534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, V. C., Sullivan, P. S., & Baral, S. D. (2017). Global travel and HIV/STI epidemics among MSM: what does the future hold? Sexual Health, 14(1), 51–58. doi:10.1071/SH16099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Lei, Y., Wang, H., He, G., & Williams, A. B. (2016). The health belief model: A qualitative study to understand high-risk sexual behavior in Chinese men who have sex with men. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care: Janac, 27(1), 66–76. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2015.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2010). Qualitative communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Maticka-Tyndale, E., Herold, E. S., & Oppermann, M. (2003). Casual sex among Australian schoolies. Journal of Sex Research, 40(2), 158. doi:10.1080/00224490309552177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melhado, L. (2011). For single Europeans, vacation often includes risky sexual behavior. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43(3), 207–208. doi:10.1363/4320711_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melián-González, A., Moreno-Gil, S., & Arana, J. E. (2011). Gay tourism in a sun and beach destination. Journal of Tourism Management, 32(5), 1027–1032. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza, C. (2012). Beyond sex tourism: Gay tourists and male sex workers in Puerto Vallarta (Western Mexico). International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(2), 122–137. doi:10.1002/jtr.1865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, M. A., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A method sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, K. I., Berglund, T., Bergström, J., Tikkanen, R., Thorson, A., & Forsberg, B. (2018). Place and practice: Sexual risk behaviour while travelling abroad among Swedish men who have sex with men. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 25, 58–64. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, R. (2002). The application of qualitative research methods to the study of sexually transmitted infections. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 78(2), 87–89. doi:10.1136/sti.78.2.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard, A., Morgan, N. J., Sedgley, D., Khan, E., & Jenkins, A. (2010). Sexuality and holiday choices: conversations with gay and lesbian tourists. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 267–282. doi:10.1080/02614360050118832
   Google Scholar
• Qvarnström, A., & Oscarsson, M. G. (2015). Experiences and attitudes towards HIV/STI prevention among holidaymaking men who have sex with men living in Sweden: A cross-sectional Internet survey. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43(5), 490–496. doi:10.1177/1403494815578320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragsdale, K., Difranceisco, W., & Pinkerton, S. (2006). Where the boys are: Sexual expectations and behaviour among young women on holiday. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 8(2), 85–98. doi:10.1080/13691050600569570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragsdale, K., Porter, J. R., Zamboanga, B. L., St. Lawrence, J., Read-Wahidi, R., & White, A. (2012). High-risk drinking among female college drinkers at two reporting intervals: Comparing spring break to the 30 days prior. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9(1), 31–40. doi:10.1007/s13178-011-0071-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reback, C. J., Fletcher, J. B., Shoptaw, S., & Mansergh, G. (2015). Exposure to theory-driven text messages is associated with HIV risk reduction among methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 19(S2), 130–S141. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0985-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328–335. doi:10.1177/109019817400200403
   Google Scholar
• Stark Tourism Associates (2013). US Tourism, Trends & Statistics, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/ssoman/usa-tourism-trends-statistics-2013
   Google Scholar
• Stratega Buisness Development Services (2014). Tourism Trends 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2018 from http://www.slideshare.net/StrategaBDS/tourism-trends-2014?related=1
   Google Scholar
• Svensson, P., Sundbeck, M., Persson, K. I., Stafström, M., Östergren, P. O., Mannheimer, L., & Agardh, A. (2018). A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of factors associated with sexual risk-taking during international travel. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 24, 65–88. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E. (2018). Health Psychology (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• van der Snoek, E. M., de Wit, J. B. F., Götz, H. M., Mulder, P. G. H., Neumann, M. H. A., van, D., & Meijden, W. I. (2006). Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection in men who have sex with men related to knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: Dutch MSM-cohort study. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33(3), 193–198. doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000194593.58251.8d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivancos, R., Abubakar, I., & Hunter, P. R. (2010). Foreign travel associated with increased sexual risk-taking, alcohol and drug use among UK university students: a cohort study. International Journal of STD & Aids, 21(1), 46–51. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.008501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, B. J., & Plourde, P. (2006). Travel and sexually transmitted infections. Journal of Travel Medicine, 13(5), 300–317. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00061.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, D., & Stephenson, R. (2016). Correlates of perceived HIV prevalence and associations with HIV testing behavior among men who have sex with men in the United States. American Journal of Men's Health, 10(2), 90–99. doi:10.1177/1557988314556672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittier, D. K., Lawrence, J. S., & Seeley, S. (2005). Sexual risk behavior of men who have sex with men: Comparison of behavior at home and at a gay resort. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(1), 95–102. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1003-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass media research: An introduction (9 ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Zablotska, I. B., Holt, M., de Wit, J., Mao, L., Down, I., & Prestage, G. (2014). At home and away: Gay men and high risk sexual practices. AIDS Behavior, 18(8), 1436–1442. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0635-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar