Primary healthcare for the Indian LGBTQ community – A call for inclusion

References

• Banerjee, A. (2020). Equity and quality of health-care access: Where do we stand and the way forward? Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 45(1), 4–7. doi:10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_183_19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal, G. K., & John, S. (2020). Making trans-gender healthcare a priority in India- Journey towards social inclusion. Indian Journal of Community Health, 32(2), 324–329. doi:10.47203/IJCH.2020.v32i02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central TB Division (2019). National framework for a gender-responsive approach to TB in India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. https://tbcindia.gov.in/showfile.php?lid=3496.
   Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, A. (2020, November 18). India lagging in cervical cancer prevention, needs more screening, vaccination, experts say. The Print. https://theprint.in/health/india-lagging-in-cervical-cancer-prevention-needs-more-screening-vaccination-experts-say/546700/.
   Google Scholar
• Chakrapani, V., Newman, P. A., Shunmugam, M., Logie, C. H., & Samuel, M. (2017). Syndemics of depression, alcohol use, and victimisation, and their association with HIV-related sexual risk among men who have sex with men and transgender women in India. Global Public Health, 12(2), 250–265. doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1091024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, A., Sarkar, S., Adinarayanan, S., & Balajee, K. L. (2016). Impact of health awareness campaign in improving the perception of the community about palliative care: A pre- and post-intervention study in rural Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 22(4), 467–476. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.191832
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charles, B., Jeyaseelan, L., Pandian, A. K., Sam, A. E., Thenmozhi, M., & Jayaseelan, V. (2012). Association between stigma, depression and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in South India - A community based cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12, 463. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokshi, M., Patil, B., Khanna, R., Neogi, S. B., Sharma, J., Paul, V. K., & Zodpey, S. (2016). Health systems in India. Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association, 36(s3), S9–S12. doi:10.1038/jp.2016.184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cornelious, D. (2019, November 27). The Transgender Persons Bill is a violation of fundamental rights, say activists. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/this-is-a-violation-of-fundamental-rights-we-will-challenge-it-in-court/article30091670.ece.
   Google Scholar
• Deb, S., Dutta, S., Dasgupta, A., & Biswas, B. (2009). Sexual practice and perception of HIV/AIDS amongst men who have sex with men in Kolkata. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 34(3), 206–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dibble, S. L., Roberts, S. A., & Nussey, B. (2004). Comparing breast cancer risk between lesbians and their heterosexual sisters. Women’s Health Issues, 14(2), 60–68. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2004.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dravid, A., Natarajan, K., Medisetty, M., Gawali, R., Mahajan, U., Kulkarni, M., … Dravid, M. (2019). Incidence of tuberculosis among HIV infected individuals on long term antiretroviral therapy in private healthcare sector in Pune. Western India. BMC Infectious Disease, 19, 714. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4361-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvivier, R. J., & Wiley, E. (2015). WHO and the health of LGBT individuals. The Lancet, 385(9973), 1070–1071. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60595-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand, M. L., Ramakrishna, J., Bharat, S., & Heylen, E. (2013). Prevalence and drivers of HIV stigma among health providers in urban India: Implications for interventions. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(3 Suppl 2), 18717. doi:10.7448/IAS.16.3.18717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, L., Chuang, D. M., & Al-Raes, M. (2019). Social support, mental health needs, and HIV risk behaviors: A gender-specific, correlation study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 651. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6985-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Figueroa-Munoz, J., & Ramon-Pardo, P. (2008). Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 733–735. doi:10.2471/blt.06.038737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, B., Pierse, N., Chisholm, E., & Cook, H. (2019). LGBTIQ + homelessness: A review of the literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2677. doi:10.3390/ijerph16152677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators. (2018). Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 391(10136), 2236–2271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30994-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales, G., Przedworski, J., & Henning-Smith, C. (2016). Comparison of health and health risk factors between lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults and heterosexual adults in the United States: Results From the National Health Interview Survey. JAMA Intern Med, 176(9), 1344–1351. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, A., & Singh, R. B. (2020). Urban health and wellbeing: Emerging trans-disciplinary stream. In: Urban health and wellbeing. Advances in geographical and environmental sciences. Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6671-0_1
   Google Scholar
• Hafeez, H., Zeshan, M., Tahir, M. A., Jahan, N., & Naveed, S. (2017). Health care disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: A literature review. Cureus, 9(4), e1184. doi:10.7759/cureus.1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, A. L., Karthik, R., Sivasubramanian, M., Raghavendran, A., Gnanamony, M., Lensing, S., … Palefsky, J. M. (2016). Prevalence of anal HPV infection among HIV-Positive men who have sex with men in India. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 71(4), 437–443. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPS: Position statement regarding LGBTQ | Indian Psychiatric Society (2018). Indian Psychiatric Society. https://indianpsychiatricsociety.org/ips-position-statement-regarding-lgbtq/
   Google Scholar
• Kamesh, K. (2018, December 20). Sex, drugs, and illness: How chemsex is harming India’s gay men. BuzzFeed. https://www.buzzfeed.com/koshankamesh/sex-drugs-and-illness-how-chemsex-is-harming-indias-gay-men
   Google Scholar
• Kar, A., Bhugra, D., Mukherjee, S., Mondal, A., & Kumar, A. S. (2020). PrEP in India’s HIV Prevention Policy in the era of social media and sex positivity. Central Asian Journal of Global Health, 9(1). doi:10.5195/cajgh.2020.407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, A., Mukherjee, S., Ventriglio, A., & Bhugra, D. (2018). Attitude of Indian medical students towards homosexuality. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry: Official Journal of the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists = Dong Ya jing shen ke xue zhi: Xianggang jing shen ke yi xue yuan qi kan, 28(2), 59–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerala Development Society (2017). Study of human rights of transgender as a third gender. New Delhi: National Human Rights Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Kerala student’s suicide puts focus on dubious ‘conversion therapy.’ (2020, May 18). Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-student-s-suicide-puts-focus-on-dubious-conversion-therapy/story-fmgMhK8nFVUuddV97xvDXN.html.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, S., & Bondyopadhyay, A. (2005). From the Front Line: The impact of social, legal and judicial impediments to sexual health promotion, and HIV and AIDS related care and support for males who have sex with males in Bangladesh and India: A study report. Naz Foundation International. http://www.hivpolicy.org/Library/HPP000907.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Avula, R., Ved, R., Kohli, N., Singh, K., van den Bold, M., … Menon, P. (2017). Understanding the role of intersectoral convergence in the delivery of essential maternal and child nutrition interventions in Odisha, India: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 161. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4088-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnakumar, B., & Rana, S. (2020). COVID 19 in INDIA: Strategies to combat from combination threat of life and livelihood. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi, 53(3), 389–391. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnan, S., Sivaram, S., Anderson, B. O., Basu, P., Belinson, J. L., Bhatla, N., A. D., Cruz, … Mehrotra, R. (2015). Using implementation science to advance cancer prevention in India. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 16(9), 3639–3644. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3639
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwong, J., Bockting, W., Gabler, S., Abbruzzese, L. D., Simon, P., Fialko, J., … Hall, P. (2017). Development of an interprofessional collaborative practice model for older LGBT adults. LGBT Health, 4(6), 442–444. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2016.0160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshminarayanan, S., Madhavan, M., Reddy, M., Chinnakali, P., & Kar, S. (2020). High levels of non-communicable diseases risk factors among transgenders in Puducherry, South India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(3), 1538–1543. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1128_19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lander, L., Howsare, J., & Byrne, M. (2013). The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: From theory to practice. Social Work in Public Health, 28(3–4), 194–205. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.759005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. (2000). Health care problems of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients. The Western Journal of Medicine, 172(6), 403–408. doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.6.403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., & Shunmugam, M. (2012). Adapting the minority stress model: Associations between gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 74(8), 1261–1268. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumder, A., Chatterjee, S., Maji, D., Roychaudhuri, S., Ghosh, S., Selvan, C., … Sanyal, D. (2020). IDEA group consensus statement on medical management of adult gender incongruent individuals seeking gender reaffirmation as female. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 24(2), 128–135. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_593_19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manjunatha, N., Kumar, N. C., Math, S. B., & Thirthalli, J. (2018). Designing and implementing an innovative digitally driven primary care psychiatry program in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(2), 236–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoodi, A. (2018, July 16). Accessing healthcare still an ordeal for LGBTQ in India. Mint. https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w6C5ws5POJ7d1O590mP6mJ/Accessing-healthcare-still-an-ordeal-for-LGBTQ-in-India.html.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. doi:10.2307/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming, L.C., Hadi, M. A., & Khan, T.M. (2016). Transgender health in India and Pakistan. Lancet (London, England), 388(10060), 2601–2602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. (2014). Report of the Expert Committee on the Issues relating to Transgender Persons. http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Binder2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mondal, B., Das, S., Ray, D., Banerjee, D. (2020). “Their untold stories…”: Lived experiences of being a transgender (Hijra): A qualitative study from India. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 2(2), 165–173. doi:10.1177/2631831820936924
   Google Scholar
• Mont, D.J., Kosa, D.S., Hemalal, S., Cameron, L., & Macdonald, S. (2021). Formation of an intersectoral network to support trans survivors of sexual assault: A survey of health and community organizations. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(3), 243–252. doi:10.1080/26895269.2020.1787911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseholm, E., Gilleece, Y., Collins, B., Kowalska, D.J., Vasylyev, M., Elía, M. J. P., … Aebi-Popp, K. (2021). Achievements and gaps to provide pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for women across the European Region - Results from a European survey study. Journal of Virus Eradication, 7(1), 100026. doi:10.1016/j.jve.2020.100026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Organisation (2017). National strategic plan for HIV/AIDS and STI 2017 - 2024: Paving the way for an AIDS free India. New Delhi Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. http://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/Paving%20the%20Way%20for%20an%20AIDS%2015122017.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) (2019). Operational guidelines for implementing HIV targeted interventions among men who have sex with men in India: Guidelines for CBOs/NGOs, SACS and TSUs. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. http://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/MSM-OG.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance Of Mental Illness (NAMI) (2020). https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/LGBTQI
   Google Scholar
• National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India [2014] 5 SCC 438.
   Google Scholar
• National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (2017). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI. http://nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/Module%20for%20MOs%20for%20Prevention%2CControl%20%26%20PBS%20of%20Hypertension%2CDiabetes%20%26%20Common%20Cancer.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pandya, A., Shah, K., Chauhan, A., & Saha, S. (2020). Innovative mental health initiatives in India: A scope for strengthening primary healthcare services. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(2), 502–507. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_977_19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitre, A. (2018). A Rapid Assessment of GENDER and TUBERCULOSIS in India. REACH. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328289604_A_Rapid_Gender_Assessment_of_Tuberculosis_in_India.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, D., Ng, Y. C., O’Keefe, L., & Crawford, D. (2017). Providers’ attitudes and knowledge of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. Federal Practitioner: For the Health Care Professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS, 34(11), 28–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabin, J. A., Riskind, R. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Health care providers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1831–1841. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safer, J. D., Coleman, E., Feldman, J., Garofalo, R., Hembree, W., Radix, A., & Sevelius, J. (2016). Barriers to healthcare for transgender individuals. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, 23(2), 168–171. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian, S. (2020, April 1). COVID-19: What about the transgender community? Down To Earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/covid-19-what-about-the-transgender-community–70151.
   Google Scholar
• Shaikh, S., Mburu, G., Arumugam, V., Mattipalli, N., Aher, A., Mehta, S., & Robertson, J. (2016). Empowering communities and strengthening systems to improve transgender health: Outcomes from the Pehchan programme in India. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(3 Suppl 2), 20809. doi:10.7448/IAS.19.3.20809
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sofi, N., Jain, M., Kapil, U., & Yadav, C. (2019). Epidemiological characteristics of breast cancer patients attending a tertiary health-care institute in the National Capital Territory of India. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 15(5), 1087. doi:10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_868_16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, R. K. J., Wong, C. M., Chen, M. I. C., Chan, Y. Y., Bin Ibrahim, M. A., Lim, O. Z., … Choong, B. C. H. (2018). Chemsex among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Singapore and the challenges ahead: A qualitative study. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 61, 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanwar, S., Rewari, B., Rao, C. D., & Seguy, N. (2016). India’s HIV programme: Successes and challenges. Journal of Virus Eradication, 2(Suppl 4), 15–19. doi:10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31094-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tewari, A., Upadhyay, S., & Singh, V. (2020, February 26). The third gender and transforming the workplace. Mondaq. https://www.mondaq.com/india/employee-rights-labour-relations/897556/the-third-gender-and-transforming-the-workplace.
   Google Scholar
• Thakkar, D., Piparva, K. G., & Lakkad, S. G. (2019). A pilot project: 99DOTS information communication technology-based approach for tuberculosis treatment in Rajkot district. Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Society, 36(2), 108–111. doi:10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_86_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The News Minute. (2016, June 6). Understanding LGBTQ+: An exhaustive explainer on gender and sexual identities. The News Minute. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/understanding-lgbtq-exhaustive-explainer-gender-and-sexual-identities-44439.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, B., Mimiaga, M. J., Mayer, K. H., Perry, N. S., Swaminathan, S., & Safren, S. A. (2012). The influence of stigma on HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Chennai, India. AIDS Care, 24(11), 1401–1406. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.672717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS (2015). Key population atlas. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS. https://kpatlas.unaids.org/dashboard.
   Google Scholar
• Wandrekar, J. R., & Nigudkar, A. S. (2020). What do we know about LGBTQIA + mental health in India? A review of research from 2009 to 2019. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 2(1), 26–36. doi:10.1177/2631831820918129
   Google Scholar
• Watson, R. J., Veale, J. F., Gordon, A. R., Clark, B. A., & Saewyc, E. M. (2019). Risk and protective factors for transgender youths’ substance use. Preventive Medicine Reports, 15, 100905. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100905
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO (2021, April 1). Primary health care. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/primary-health-care.
   Google Scholar
• WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2018). Gender-responsive tobacco control: Evidence and options for policies and programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Willging, C., Kano, M., Green, A. E., Sturm, R., Sklar, M., Davies, S., & Eckstrand, K. (2020). Enhancing primary care services for diverse sexual and gender minority populations: A developmental study protocol. BMJ Open, 10(2), e032787. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2018). Declaration of Astana. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/primary-health/conference-phc/declaration.
   Google Scholar