Examining facilitators and barriers to sexual orientation and gender identity disclosure to healthcare providers among US college students

References

• Aleshire, M. E., Ashford, K., Fallin-Bennett, A., & Hatcher, J. (2019). Primary care providers’ attitudes related to LGBTQ people: A narrative literature review. Health Promotion Practice, 20(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839918778835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnadottir, R. I., Bockting, W., & Dowding, D. W. (2017). Patient perspectives on answering questions about sexual orientation and gender identity: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(13–14), 1814–1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bränström, R., Hatzenbuehler, M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Sexual orientation disparities in physical health: Age and gender effects in a population-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(2), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1116-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131728109336000
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, H., Llewellyn, C. D., Nadarzynski, T., Pelloso, F. C., Guilherme, F. D. S., Pollard, A., & Jones, C. J. (2018). Sexual orientation disclosure in health care: A systematic review. British Journal of General Practice, 68(668), e187–e196. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18X694841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1454–1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charon, R. (2017). The principles and practice of narrative medicine. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, H., & Butkus, R. (2015). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health disparities: Executive summary of a policy position paper from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163(2), 135–137. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Bois, S. N., Guy, A. A., Manser, K. A., Thomas, N. N., Noble, S., Lewis, R., Toles, J., Spivey, C., Khan, H., & Tully, T. (2020). Developing Prepare2Thrive, a community-based intervention targeting treatment engagement among African American individuals living with HIV and serious mental illness. AIDS Care, 32(9), 1102–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1717420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durso, L. E., & Meyer, I. H. (2013). Patterns and predictors of disclosure of sexual orientation to healthcare providers among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 10(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-012-0105-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flentje, A., Barger, B. T., Capriotti, M. R., Lubensky, M. E., Tierney, M., Obedin-Maliver, J., & Lunn, M. R. (2020). Screening gender minority people for harmful alcohol use. PLoS One, 15(4), e0231022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flentje, A., Leon, A., Carrico, A., Zheng, D., & Dilley, J. (2016). Mental and physical health among homeless sexual and gender minorities in a major urban US city. Journal of Urban Health, 93(6), 997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0084-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Barkan, S. E., Muraco, A., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013). Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1802–1809. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuzzell, L., Fedesco, H. N., Alexander, S. C., Fortenberry, J. D., & Shields, C. G. (2016). “I just think that doctors need to ask more questions”: Sexual minority and majority adolescents’ experiences talking about sexuality with healthcare providers. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(9), 1467–1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, T., Gamarel, K. E., Reisner, S. L., Jadwin-Cakmak, L., & Harper, G. W. (2021). Gender affirmation as a source of resilience for addressing stigmatizing healthcare experiences of transgender youth of color. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(12), 1168–1183. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales, G., & Henning-Smith, C. (2017). Health disparities by sexual orientation: Results and implications from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Journal of Community Health, 42(6), 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0366-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia, S. A., Russell, M. A., Zimet, G. D., Stupiansky, N. W., & Rosenberger, J. G. (2021). The role of disclosure & perceptions about providers in health discussions among gay and bisexual young men. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(7), 1712–1718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagell, P., Edfors, E., Hedin, G., Westergren, A., & Hammarlund, C. S. (2016). Group concept mapping for evaluation and development in nursing education. Nurse Education in Practice, 20, 147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, J. E., Sell, R. L., & Gorin, S. S. (2006). Health care access among individuals involved in same-sex relationships. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 1111–1118. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, A., Cross, H., Arthur, S., Nambiar, K., & Llewellyn, C. D. (2020). Patient sexual orientation and gender identity disclosure. The Clinical Teacher, 17(6), 669–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. J., & Nemeth, L. S. (2014). Addressing health disparities of lesbian and bisexual women: A grounded theory study. Women's Health Issues, 24(6), 635–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. M. (2021). LGBT identification rises to 5.6% in latest U.S. estimate. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/329708/lgbt-identification-rises-latest-estimate.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Kane, M., & Trochim, W. M. (2007). Concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kattari, S. K., Whitfield, D. L., Walls, N. E., Langenderfer-Magruder, L., & Ramos, D. (2016). Policing gender through housing and employment discrimination: Comparison of discrimination experiences of transgender and cisgender LGBQ individuals. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 7(3), 427–447. https://doi.org/10.1086/686920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, E. A., & Upchurch, D. M. (2019). Are sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial characteristics associated with sexual orientation group differences in mental health disparities? Results from a national population-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(6), 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1649-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruskal, J. B., & Wish, M. (1978). Quantitative applications in the social sciences: Multidimensional scaling. SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Labig, C. E., Jr., & Peterson, T. O. (2006). Sexual minorities and selection of a primary care physician in a midwestern US city. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n03_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macapagal, K., Bhatia, R., & Greene, G. J. (2016). Differences in healthcare access, use, and experiences within a community sample of racially diverse lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning emerging adults. LGBT Health, 3(6), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrone, S. (2018). LGBT healthcare disparities, discrimination, and societal stigma: The mental and physical health risks related to sexual and/or gender minority status. American Journal of Medical Research, 5(1), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.22381/AJMR5120189
   Google Scholar
• McGill, J. (2014). SGM-so what: Sexual orientation, gender identity and human rights discourse at the United Nations. Canadian Journal of Human Rights, 3, 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, J., & Fassinger, R. (2000). Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(2), 66–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2000.12068999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollon, L. (2012). The forgotten minorities: Health disparities of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered communities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2012.0009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisly, N. L., Imborek, K. L., Miller, M. L., Dole, N., Priest, J. B., Sandler, L., Krasowski, M. D., & Hightower, M. (2018). Developing an inclusive and welcoming LGBTQ clinic. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 61(4), 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Mahon, C. P., Jackson, S. D., Fetzner, B. K., & Bränström, R. (2020). Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(10), 831–871. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petroll, A. E., & Mosack, K. E. (2011). Physician awareness of sexual orientation and preventive health recommendations to men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38(1), 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181ebd50f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polek, C. A., Hardie, T. L., & Crowley, E. M. (2008). Lesbians’ disclosure of sexual orientation and satisfaction with care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 19(3), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659608317446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plöderl, M., Kunrath, S., Cramer, R. J., Wang, J., Hauer, L., & Fartacek, C. (2017). Sexual orientation differences in treatment expectation, alliance, and outcome among patients at risk for suicide in a public psychiatric hospital. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1337-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qureshi, R. I., Zha, P., Kim, S., Hindin, P., Naqvi, Z., Holly, C., Dubbs, W., & Ritch, W. (2018). Health care needs and care utilization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations in New Jersey. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1311555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez, E. J., Elliott, M., & Milam, P. E. (2021). What it’s like to be a _: Why it’s (often) unethical to use VR as an empathy nudging tool. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(3), 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09594-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, G. M., Norr, A. M., Rizzo, A. S., Sylvers, P., Peltan, J., Fischer, D., Trimmer, M., Porter, S., Gant, P., & Baer, J. S. (2020). Virtual standardized patients vs academic training for learning motivational interviewing skills in the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the US military: A randomized trial. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2017348. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, T. K., & Fantz, C. R. (2014). Barriers to quality health care for the transgender population. Clinical Biochemistry, 47(10–11), 983–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossman, K., Salamanca, P., & Macapagal, K. (2017). A qualitative study examining young adults’ experiences of disclosure and nondisclosure of LGBTQ identity to health care providers. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(10), 1390–1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1321379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roswell, R. O., Cogburn, C. D., Tocco, J., Martinez, J., Bangeranye, C., Bailenson, J. N., Wright, M., Mieres, J. H., & Smith, L. (2020). Cultivating empathy through virtual reality: Advancing conversations about racism, inequity, and climate in medicine. Academic Medicine, 95(12), 1882–1886. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruben, M. A., & Fullerton, M. (2018). Proportion of patients who disclose their sexual orientation to healthcare providers and its relationship to patient outcomes: A meta-analysis and review. Patient Education and Counseling, 101(9), 1549–1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, M. D., Kauth, M. R., Shipherd, J. C., & Street, R. L. (2014). Communication between VA providers and sexual and gender minority veterans: A pilot study. Psychological Services, 11(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suen, L. W., Lunn, M. R., Katuzny, K., Finn, S., Duncan, L., Sevelius, J., Flentje, A., Capriotti, M. R., Lubensky, M. E., Hunt, C., Weber, S., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Obedin-Maliver, J. (2020). What sexual and gender minority people want researchers to know about sexual orientation and gender identity questions: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2301–2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01810-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabaac, A. R., Solazzo, A. L., Gordon, A. R., Austin, S. B., Guss, C., & Charlton, B. M. (2020). Sexual orientation-related disparities in healthcare access in three cohorts of U.S. adults. Preventive Medicine, 132, 105999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, K. K. H., Treharne, G. J., Ellis, S. J., Schmidt, J. M., & Veale, J. F. (2020). Gender minority stress: A critical review. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(10), 1471–1489. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1591789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma, B. C., Eckstrand, K. L., Montano, G. T., Rezeppa, T. L., & Marshal, M. P. (2021). Gender nonconformity and minority stress among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4), 301.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, T. R., Hofammann, D., McKenna, B. G. I. R., van der Miesen, A., Stokes, M. A., Daniolos, P., & Michaelson, J. J. (2020). Community attitudes on genetic research of gender identity, sexual orientation, and mental health. PLoS One, 15(7), e0235608. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trochim, W. M. (1989). An introduction to concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(89)90016-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trochim, W., & Kane, M. (2005). Concept mapping: an introduction to structured conceptualization in health care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 17(3), 187–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzi038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UCLA School of Law (2019, January). LGBT demographic data interactive. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law.
   Google Scholar
• Venetis, M. K., Meyerson, B. E., Friley, L. B., Gillespie, A., Ohmit, A., & Shields, C. G. (2017). Characterizing sexual orientation disclosure to health care providers: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual perspectives. Health Communication, 32(5), 578–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1144147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkerson, J. M., Rybicki, S., Barber, C. A., & Smolenski, D. J. (2011). Creating a culturally competent clinical environment for LGBT patients. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 23(3), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2011.589254
   Google Scholar
• Windsor, L. C., & Murugan, V. (2012). From the individual to the community: Perspectives about substance abuse services. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 12(4), 412–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533256X.2012.728115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wingo, E., Ingraham, N., & Roberts, S. C. M. (2018). Reproductive health care priorities and barriers to effective care for LGBTQ people assigned female at birth: A qualitative study. Women's Health Issues, 28(4), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeman, L., Sherriff, N., Browne, K., McGlynn, N., Mirandola, M., Gios, L., Davis, R., Sanchez-Lambert, J., Aujean, S., Pinto, N., Farinella, F., Donisi, V., Niedźwiedzka-Stadnik, M., Rosińska, M., Pierson, A., & Amaddeo, F. (2019). A review of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) health and healthcare inequalities. European Journal of Public Health, 29(5), 974–980. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar