CHINESE URBAN MATURE TRAVELERS' MOTIVATION AND CONSTRAINTS BY DECISION AUTONOMYFootnote

The work described in this article was supported by a grant from the School of Hotel and Tourism Management at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Project No. A‐PE89).

REFERENCES

• Anderson , B. B. and Langmeyer , L. 1982 . The under 50 and over 50 travelers: A profile of similarities and differences. . Journal of Travel Research , 20 (4) : 20 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Belk , R. W. 1975 . Situational variables and consumer behavior. . Journal of Consumer Research , 2 (3) : 157 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieger , T. and Laesser , C. 2002 . Market segmentation by motivation: The case of Switzerland. . Journal of Travel Research , 41 (1) : 68 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Blazey , M. A. 1992 . Travel and retirement status. . Annals of Tourism Research , 19 (4) : 771 – 783 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone , P. F. 1991 . Identifying mature segments. . Journal of Services Marketing , 5 (1) : 47 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Botha , C. , Crompton , J. L. and Kim , S. S. 1999 . Developing a revised competitive position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa. . Journal of Travel Research , 37 (4) : 341 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Burnett , J. J. and Baker , H. B. 2001 . Assessing the travel‐related behaviors of the mobility‐disabled consumer. . Journal of Travel Research , 40 (1) : 4 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• China National Tourism Association (CNTA) . 2001 . Review of China's tourism industry Retrieved September 27, 2008 from http://old.cnta.gov.cn/lyen/theme/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chiu , T. , Fang , D. , Chen , J. , Wang , Y. and Jeris , C. 2001 . “ A robust and scalable clustering algorithm for mixed type attributes in large database environment ” . In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGKDDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining , 263 – 268 . San Francisco : ACM SIGKDDD .
   Google Scholar
• Cleaver , M. , Muller , T. E. , Ruys , H. F. M. and Wei , S. 1999 . Tourism product development for the senior market based on travel‐motive research. . Tourism Recreation Research , 24 (1) : 5 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Costello , A. B. and Osborne , J. W. 2005 . Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. . Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation , 10 (7) : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , D. W. and Godbey , G. 1987 . Reconceptualization barriers to family leisure. . Leisure Sciences , 9 (2) : 119 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , D. W. , Jackson , E. L. and Godbey , G. 1991 . A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. . Leisure Sciences , 13 (4) : 309 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton , J. L. 1978 . Motivations for pleasure vacation. . Annals of Tourism Research , 6 (4) : 408 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Crouch , G. 1995 . A meta‐analysis study of international tourism demand. . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 (1) : 103 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , S. J. 1972 . The availability of personal transportation, residential location, and life satisfaction among the aged. . Journal of Gerontology , 27 (3) : 383 – 389 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cutler , S. J. 1975 . Transportation and changes in life satisfaction. . The Gerontologist , 15 (2) : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dychtwald , M. K. 1997 . Marketplace 2000: Riding the wave of population change. . Journal of Consumer Marketing , 14 (4) : 271 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Eby , D. W. and Molnar , L. J. 1998 . “ Preliminary guidelines for development of advanced traveler information systems for the driving tourist: Information content. ” . In Special innovative conference on intelligent transportation systems and telemetrics proceedings , Edited by: Roller , D . 359 – 366 . Croydon, , UK : ISATA .
   Google Scholar
• Fakeye , P. C. and Crompton , J. L. 1991 . Image differences between prospective, first‐time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. . Journal of Travel Research , 30 (2) : 10 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Fakeye , P. C. and Crompton , J. L. 1992 . Importance of socialization to repeat visitation. . Annals of Tourism Research , 19 (2) : 364 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faranda , W. and Schmidt , S. 1999 . Segmentation and the senior traveler: Implications for today's and tomorrow's aging consumer. . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 8 (2) : 3 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Filiatrault , P. and Ritchie , J. R. B. 1980 . Joint purchasing decisions: A comparison of influence structure in family and couple decision‐making units. . Journal of Consumer Research , 7 (2) : 131 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischer , A. and Seiler , E. 2002 . Determinants of vacation travel among Israeli seniors: Theory and evidence. . Applied Economics , 34 (4) : 421 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodness , D. 1992 . The impact of family life cycle on the vacation decision‐making process. . Journal of Travel Research , 31 (2) : 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , D. and Hudson , S. 2000 . Tourism demand constraints—A skiing participation. . Annals of Tourism Research , 27 (4) : 906 – 925 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinn , R. 1980 . Elderly recreational vehicle tourists: Motivations for leisure. . Journal of Travel Research , 19 (4) : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , S. 2006 . Can you afford to ignore grey travelers? Retrieved October 2, 2008 from http://www.travelwirenews.com
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. , Black , B. , Babin , B. , Anderson , R. E. and Tatham , R. L. 2005 . Multivariate data analysis , New York : Prentice Hall . (6th ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , F. 1976 . Psychological theories of consumer choice. . Journal of Consumer Research , 3 (3) : 117 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horneman , L. , Carter , R. W. , Wei , S. and Ruys , H. 2002 . Profiling the senior traveler: An Australian perspective. . Journal of Travel Research , 41 (1) : 23 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Hosmer , D. W. and Lemeshow , S. 1989 . Applied logistic regression , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , C. H. C. 2001 . Importance and dimensionality of senior motorcoach traveler choice attributes. . Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing , 8 (3–4) : 51 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , C. H. C. , Cai , L. A. and Wong , K. K. F. 2007 . A model of senior tourism motivations: Anecdotes from Beijing and Shanghai. . Tourism Management , 28 (5) : 1262 – 1273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , L. and Tsai , H. T. 2003 . The study of senior traveler behavior in Taiwan. . Tourism Management , 24 (5) : 561 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , S. 2000 . The segmentation of potential tourists: Constraints differences between men and women. . Journal of Travel Research , 38 (4) : 363 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Ing , D. 1993 . Potential for senior travel escalates. . Hotel and Motel Management , 208 (10) : 4 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Iso‐Ahola , S. E. 1999 . “ Motivational foundations of leisure. ” . In Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty‐first century , Edited by: Jackson , E. L and Burton , T. L . State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , E. L. 2000 . Constraints to leisure , State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , E. L. , Crawford , D. W. and Godbey , G. 1993 . Negotiation of leisure constraints. . Leisure Sciences , 15 (1) : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , S. and Wu , C. 2006 . Seniors travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese senior. . Tourism Management , 27 (2) : 306 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. L. 1978 . Family vacation decision‐making. . Journal of Travel Research , 16 (4) : 2 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Koldowski , J. and Yoo , J. E. 2006 . Seven dominant forces affecting Asian Pacific travel and tourism industry. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 20 (2) : 75 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , M. P. 1998 . “ Environment and aging: Theory revisited. ” . In Environment and aging theory: A focus on housing , Edited by: Scheidt , R. J and Windley , P. G . 1 – 31 . Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , M. P. and Nahemow , L. 1973 . “ Ecology and the aging process. ” . In The psychology of adult development and aging , Edited by: Eisdorfer , C and Lawton , M. P . 619 – 667 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. H. and Tideswell , C. 2005 . Understanding attitudes towards leisure travel and the constraints faced by senior Koreans. . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 11 (3) : 249 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Mannell , R. C. and Kleiber , D. A. 1997 . Social psychology of leisure , State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• March , R. 2004, Februar . “ How tourists self‐deceive: Exploring the gap between travelers' intentions and actual consumption behavior. ” . In Proceedings of the Council for Australian Tourism and Hospitality Education 2004 Conference , 466 – 473 . Brisbane, , Australia : The University of Queensland .
   Google Scholar
• Mathieson , A. and Wall , G. 1982 . Tourism: Economic, physical, and social impacts , New York : Longman Scientific & Technical .
   Google Scholar
• McCombs , B. 1991 . “ Metacognition and motivation in higher level thinking. ” . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL, April 10–14, 2001
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , F. A. 1984 . A factor analytical study of leisure constraints in advanced adulthood. . Leisure Sciences , 6 (3) : 313 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , F. A. , Boyd , R. K. and Tedrick , R. T. 1996 . Leisure and aging: Ulyssean living in later life , Champaign, IL : Sagamore Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , F. A. , Dottavio , D. and O'Leary , J. T. 1986 . Constraints to participation in outdoor recreation across the life span: A nationwide study of limitors and prohibitors. . The Gerontologist , 26 (5) : 538 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , F. A. , Norman , W. and Jackson , E. L. 2005 . “ The role of constraints in successful aging: Inhibiting or enabling? ” . In Constraints to leisure , Edited by: Jackson , E. L . 89 – 101 . State College, PA : Ventura .
   Google Scholar
• Moschis , G. P. 1996 . Gerontographics: Life stage segmentation for marketing strategy development , Westport, CT : Quorum Book .
   Google Scholar
• Moutinho , L. 2000 . Strategic management in tourism , New York : CABI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , C. M. and Snepenger , D. J. 1988 . Family decision making and tourism behavior and attitudes. . Journal of Travel Research , 26 (4) : 2 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. and Bernstein , I. 1994 . Psychometric theory , New York : McGraw‐Hill . (3rd ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Nyaupane , G. P. and Andereck , K. L. 2008 . Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. . Journal of Travel Research , 46 (4) : 433 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , G. R. 2004, December . The aging of China. . McKinsey Quarterly , : 106 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Pacific Asia Tourism Association (PATA) . 2007 . How the travel trade sees the market of Mainland China , Bangkok, , Thailand : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Páez , A. , Scott , D. , Potoglou , D. , Kanaroglou , P. and Newbold , K. B. 2007 . Elderly mobility: Demographic and spatial analysis of trip making in the Hamilton CMA. . Canada Urban Studies , 44 (1) : 123 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , C. W. 1978 . A conflict resolution choice model. . Journal of Consumer Research , 5 (2) : 125 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , J. M. and Mok , C. 1998 . Travel motivational factors and their relationships to demographics: The Korean market. . Pacific Tourism Review , 2 (1–2) : 109 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Parmelee , P. A. and Lawton , M. P. 1990 . “ The design of special environments for the aged. ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , Edited by: Birren , J. E and Schaie , K. W . 464 – 488 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press, Inc . (3rd ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Pederson , B. 1994 . Future seniors and travel industry. . FIU Hospitality Review , 12 (2) : 59 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. , Neumann , Y. and Reichel , A. 1979 . Tourist satisfaction with a destination area. . Annals of Tourism Research , 5 (3) : 314 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Reece , W. S. 2004 . Are senior leisure travelers different? . Journal of Travel Research , 43 (1) : 11 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat , B. N. , Qu , H. and Chollada , M. 2006 . A study of the impact of travel inhibitors on the likelihood of travelers' revisiting Thailand. . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 21 (1) : 77 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Romsa , G. and Blenman , M. 1989 . Visitor patterns of elderly Germans. . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 (2) : 178 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom , S. and Transportation Research Board . 1988 . “ The mobility needs of the elderly. ” . In Transportation in an aging society: Improving mobility and safety for older persons , Vol. 2 , 1 – 57 . Washington, DC : National Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , J. 1986 . Demographics on vacation. . American Demographics , 8 (1) : 38 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , M. , Brown , J. and Mak , J. 2000 . Population aging and Japanese international travel in the 21st century. . Journal of Travel Research , 38 (2) : 212 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Sangpikul , A. 2008 . Travel motivations of Japanese senior travelers to Thailand. . International Journal of Tourism Research , 10 (1) : 81 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellick , M. 2004 . Discovery, connection, nostalgia: Key travel motives with the senior market. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 17 (1) : 55 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , S. M. , Bonen , A. and McCabe , J. 1991 . Do more constraints mean less leisure? Examining the relationship between constraints and participation. . Journal of Leisure Research , 23 (4) : 286 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker , S. 1989 . Segmentation of the senior pleasure travel marketing. . Journal of Travel Research , 27 (3) : 14 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker , S. 2000 . Segmentation of the senior pleasure travel market: 10 years later. . Journal of Travel Research , 39 (1) : 11 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. C. and Sylvestre , G. M. 2001 . Determinants of the travel behavior of the suburban elderly. . Growth and Change , 32 (3) : 395 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. C. and MacKay , K. J. 2001 . The organization of information in memory for pictures of tourist destinations: Are there age‐related differences? . Journal of Travel Research , 39 (3) : 261 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. W. and Butts , F. B. 1998 . Assessing leisure motivators and satisfaction of international elder‐hostel participants. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 7 (1) : 31 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Um , S. and Crompton , J. L. 1990 . Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. . Annals of Tourism Research , 17 (3) : 432 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Um , S. and Crompton , J. L. 1992 . The roles of perceived inhibitors and facilitators in pleasure travel destination decisions. . Journal of Travel Research , 30 (3) : 18 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Wachs , M. 1979 . Transportation for the elderly: Changing lifestyles, changing needs , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waitt , G. 1997 . Structural and sociodemographic constraints. . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 (3) : 745 – 748 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G. and Virden , R. 2005 . “ Constraints on outdoor recreation. ” . In Constraints to leisure , Edited by: Jackson , E. L . 201 – 219 . State College, PA : Ventura .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , K. C. , Hsieh , A. T. , Yeh , Y. C. and Tsai , C. W. 2004 . Who is the decision maker: The parents or child in group package tour? . Tourism Management , 25 (2) : 183 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodside , A. G. and King , R. I. 2001 . An updated model of travel and tourism purchase‐consumption systems. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 10 (1) : 3 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodside , A. G. and Lysonski , S. 1989 . A general model of traveler destination choice. . Journal of Travel Research , 27 (3) : 8 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• You , X. and O'Leary , J. T. 2000 . Age and cohort effects: An examination of older Japanese travelers. . Journal of Travel and Tourism Management , 9 (1–2) : 21 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer , Z. , Brayley , R. E. and Searle , M. S. 1995 . Whether to go and where to go: Identification of important influences on seniors' decision to travel. . Journal of Travel Research , 33 (3) : 3 – 10 .
   Google Scholar