Journey into Parenthood: Commodification of Reproduction as a New Tourism Niche Market

REFERENCES

• Armstrong , E. M. 2002 . “ Longing for certainty: The modern American experience of pregnancy ” . In Society and medicine: Essays in honor of Renée C. Fox , Edited by: Fox , R. C. , Messikomer , C. M. , Swazey , J. P. and Glicksman , A. 3 – 21 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• BabyCenter. (2006). New survey from BabyCenter and Clearblue Easy shows “conceptionmoons’ help couples to conceive http://www.babycenter.com/pressreleases-1500083 (Accessed: 3 May 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Badone , E. 2008 . Pilgrimage, tourism and the da Vinci code at Les-Saintes-Maries-De-La-Mer, France . Culture and Religion , 9 ( 1 ) : 23 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Baer , H. 2008 . The emergence of integrative medicine in Australia: The growing interest of biomedicine and nursing in complementary medicine in a southern developed society . Medical Anthropology Quarterly , 22 ( 1 ) : 52 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Barbados Fertility Center. (2009). A holiday with a purpose http://www.barbadosivf.org/holidays.htm (Accessed: 10 March 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Beckett , K. 2005 . Choosing cesarean: Feminism and the politics of childbirth in the United States . Feminist Theory , 6 ( 3 ) : 251 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , V. 1998 . Taking her hand: Becoming, time and the cultural politics of the white wedding . Journal for Cultural Research , 2 ( 4 ) : 463 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Benson, K. (2008, October 9). Suite deal for new mums. The Sydney Morning Herald http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/suite-deal-for-new-mums/2008/10/08/1223145446466.html (Accessed: 30 April 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Blyth , E. and Farrand , A. 2005 . Reproductive tourism: A price worth paying for reproductive autonomy? . Critical Social Policy , 25 ( 1 ) : 91 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojanic , D. C. 1992 . A look at modernized family life cycle and overseas travel . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 1 ( 1 ) : 61 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce-Hickman , K. , Kirkland , L. and Ba-Obeid , T. 2009 . The attitudes and knowledge of medical students towards surrogacy . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 29 ( 3 ) : 229 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , J. 1949 . The hero with a thousand faces , London : Fontana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carrigan , M. and Szmigin , I. 2004 . Time, uncertainty and the expectancy experience: An interpretative exploration and impending motherhood . Journal of Marketing Management , 20 ( 7–8 ) : 771 – 798 .
   Google Scholar
• Churchill , L. R. 1999 . The United States health care system under managed care: How the commodification of health care distorts ethics and threatens equity . Health Care Analysis , 7 ( 4 ) : 393 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , A. J. 2004 . “ Maternity and materiality: Becoming a mother in consumer culture ” . In Consuming motherhood , Edited by: Taylor , J. S. , Layne , L. L. and Wozniak , D. F. 55 – 71 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , S. 2007 . Beyond authenticity and commodification . Annals of Tourism Research , 4 ( 4 ) : 943 – 960 .
   Google Scholar
• Collyer , F. and White , K. 1997 . Enter the market: Competition, regulation and hospital funding in Australia . Journal of Sociology , 33 ( 3 ) : 344 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , J. 2006 . Medical tourism: Sea, sun, sand and … surgery . Tourism Management , 27 ( 6 ) : 1093 – 1100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad , P. 2007 . The medicalization of society: On the transformation of human conditions into treatable disorders , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• DeCamp , M. W. 2002 . Ethics and the physician-patient relationship: Medico-moral consequences of commodification . Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology and Medicine , 19 ( 3 ) : 135 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• De Witt , L. 2006 . Key success factors for managing special events: The case of wedding tourism , South Africa : Unpublished master's thesis, North-West University .
   Google Scholar
• Dizon, K. (2006, April 24). Babymoon – Sweet! Couples relax while they still can. Seattle Post-Intelligencer http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/267622_babymoon24.html (Accessed: 2 April 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Dubinsky , K. 1999 . The second greatest disappointment: Honeymooning and tourism at Niagara Falls , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dugdale , A. 2008 . New arenas for public life: Negotiating health on-line . Australian Journal of Political Science , 43 ( 1 ) : 27 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertman , M. M. 2005 . “ What's wrong with a parenthood market? A new and improved theory of commodification ” . In Rethinking commodification: Cases and readings in law and culture , Edited by: Ertman , M. M. and Williams , J. C. 303 – 323 . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ertman , M. M. and Williams , J. C. 2005 . “ Preface: Freedom, equality and the many futures of commodification ” . In Rethinking commodification: Cases and readings in law and culture , Edited by: Ertman , M. M. and Williams , J. C. 1 – 7 . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , E. and Gainer , B. 1993 . Baby showers: A rite of passage in transition . Advances in Consumer Research , 20 ( 1 ) : 320 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , M. , Ghidini , A. , Spong , C. Y. , Tchabo , N. , Bannon , P. Z. and Pezzullo , J. C. 2004 . Does air travel affect pregnancy outcome? . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics , 269 ( 4 ) : 274 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Glover , P. 2009 . The effect of celebrities on destination image . Paper presented at the 18th Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE) International Research Conference . February 2009 , Australia. Fremantle .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , R. 1995 . Pregnancy in a high-tech age: Paradoxes of choices , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halewood , C. and Hannam , K. 2001 . Viking heritage tourism: Authenticity and commodification . Annals of Tourism Research , 28 ( 3 ) : 565 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , C. and Denniss , R. 2005 . Affluenza: When too much is never enough , St Leonards, , Australia : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J. 1998 . “ Rights and reproductive choice ” . In The future of human reproduction: Ethics, choice and regulation , Edited by: Harris , J. and Holm , S. 5 – 37 . Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , S. and Petersen , A. R. 2002 . Consuming health: The commodification of health care , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hobson , J. S. P. and Josiam , B. 1993 . Spring break student travel: An exploratory study . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 1 ( 3 ) : 87 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Hong , G.-S. , Fan , J. X. , Palmer , L. and Bhargava , V. 2005 . Leisure travel expenditure patterns by family life cycle stages . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 18 ( 2 ) : 15 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson , T. 2004 . Making a scene: Tropical island weddings. Destination creation and the experience of place in the Cook Islands . The Journal of Pacific Studies , 26 ( 1–2 ) : 151 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Jermyn , D. 2008 . Still something else besides a mother? Negotiating celebrity motherhood in Sarah Jessica Parker's star story . Social Semiotics , 18 ( 2 ) : 163 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. 2006 . I do Down-Under’: Naturalizing landscapes and love through wedding tourism in New Zealand . ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies , 5 ( 2 ) : 191 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , S. S. and Agrusa , J. 2005 . The positioning of overseas honeymoon destinations . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 4 ) : 887 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingman , C. E. C. and Economides , D. L. 2002 . Air travel in pregnancy . The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist , 4 ( 4 ) : 188 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirtsoglou , E. and Theodossopoulos , D. 2004 . ‘They are taking our culture away’: Tourism and culture commodification in the Garifuna community of Roatan . Critique of Anthropology , 24 ( 2 ) : 135 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klassen , P. E. 2004 . “ Mothers between god and mammon: Feminist interpretation of childbirth ” . In Consuming motherhood , Edited by: Taylor , J. S. , Lane , L. L. and Wozniak , D. F. 249 – 268 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klonoff-Cohen , H. , Chu , E. , Natarajan , L. and Sieber , W. 2001 . A prospective study of stress among women undergoing in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer . Fertility and Sterility , 76 ( 4 ) : 675 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsman , G. 2004 . “ ‘Too bad you got a lemon’: Peter Singer, mothers of children with disabilities, and the critique of consumer culture ” . In Consuming motherhood , Edited by: Taylor , J. S. , Lane , L. L. and Wozniak , D. F. 100 – 121 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Layne , L. L. 2000 . ‘He was a real baby with baby things’: A material culture analysis of personhood, parenthood and pregnancy loss . Journal of Material Culture , 5 ( 3 ) : 321 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-Treweek , G. and Heller , T. 2005 . Perspectives on complementary and alternative medicine , Abingdon, UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , Y. C. and Lehto , X. Y. 2006 . A study of female travelers’ needs: Trajectory and family life cycle . Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management , 15 ( 1 ) : 65 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Lupton , D. 1997 . Consumerism, reflexivity and the medical encounter . Social Science & Medicine , 45 ( 3 ) : 373 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markens , S. 2007 . Surrogate motherhood and the politics of reproduction , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Matorras , R. 2005 . Reproductive exile versus reproductive tourism . Human Reproduction , 20 ( 12 ) : 3751
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , M. G. 2005 . “ Tourist weddings in Hawaii: Consuming the destination ” . In Seductions of place: Geographical perspectives on globalization and touristed landscapes , Edited by: Carter , C. and Lew , A. A. 171 – 192 . London : New York: Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• McKercher , B. and Bauer , T. G. 2003a . “ Conceptual framework of the nexus between tourism, romance, and sex ” . In Sex and tourism: Journeys of romance, love, and lust , Edited by: McKercher , B. and Bauer , T. G. 3 – 17 . Binghamton, NY : The Haworth Hospitality Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKercher , B. and Bauer , T. G. 2003b . “ Preface ” . In Sex and tourism: Journeys of romance, love, and lust , Edited by: McKercher , B. and Bauer , T. G. xiii – xvii . Binghamton, NY : The Haworth Hospitality Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , M. R. and Otnes , C. C. 2005 . Exploring cross-cultural ambivalence: A netnography of intercultural wedding message boards . Journal of Business Research , 58 ( 1 ) : 89 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino , E. D. 1999 . The commodification of medical and health care: The moral consequences of a paradigm shift from a professional to a market ethic . Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , 24 ( 3 ) : 243 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennigs , G. 2002 . Reproductive tourism as moral pluralism in motion . Journal of Medical Ethics , 28 ( 6 ) : 337 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Peppers Spicers Peak Lodge (2009). Indulge yourself while you still can http://www.peppers.co.nz/digitalAssets/33901_1235426660540 _ PSPL%20Babymooners.pdf (Accessed: 29 April 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Perry , R. and Dowrick , C. F. 2000 . Complementary medicine and general practice: An urban perspective . Complementary Therapies in Medicine , 8 ( 2 ) : 71 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Radin , M. J. 1996 . Contested commodities , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Radin , M. J. and Sunder , M. 2005 . “ Introduction: The subject and object of commodification ” . In Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture , Edited by: Ertman , M. M. and Williams , J. C. 8 – 29 . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• redOrbit. (2006). Baby (almost) on board: More than half of expectant couples take ‘pre-baby’ vacations for rest and relaxation http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/384287/baby_almost_on_board_more_than_half_of_expectant_couples/ (Accessed: 3 May 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Renew. (2006). What couples are saying http://www.renewfertility.com/aboutsaying.htm (Accessed: 3 May 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , B. K. 2004 . “ Motherhood under capitalism ” . In Consuming motherhood , Edited by: Taylor , J. S. , Lane , L. L. and Wozniak , D. F. 19 – 30 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , B. K. 2006 . “ Marketing maternity: Consumer ideologies and the making of mothers ” . In Naturbilder und Lebensgrundlagen: Konstruktionen von Geschlecht , Edited by: Ernst , W. and Bohle , U. 107 – 119 . Berlin, , Germany : LIT Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford , M. and Gallo-Cruz , S. 2008 . Selling the ideal birth: Rationalization and re-enchantment in the marketing of maternity care . Advances in Medical Sociology , 10 : 75 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, S. (2009, February 18). Costello bonus ‘drove up birthrate.’ The Australian http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,25071057-5013404,00.html (Accessed: 10 May 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Saks , M. 2003 . “ Medicine and the counter culture ” . In Companion to medicine in the twentieth century , Edited by: Cooter , R. and Pickstone , J. V. 113 – 123 . Amsterdam : Harwood Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , R. H. , Milteer , R. , Sheridan , M. J. and Horner , C. P. 1999 . Beach week: A high school graduation rite of passage for sun, sand, suds, and sex . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 153 ( 2 ) : 180 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , L. A. 2003 . The commodification of the body and its parts . Annual Review of Anthropology , 29 ( 1 ) : 287 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd , R. 2002 . Commodification, culture and tourism . Tourist Studies , 2 ( 2 ) : 183 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. A. and Weiner , E. S. C. 1989 . “ Commodification. In J. A. Simpson & E. S. C. Weiner (Eds.) ” . In The Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd , Vol. 3 , 563 Oxford, UK : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spar , D. 2005 . Reproductive tourism and the regulatory map . New England Journal of Medicine , 352 ( 6 ) : 531 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storrow , R. F. 2006 . Quests for conception: Fertility tourists, globalization and feminist legal theory . Hastings Law Journal , 57 : 295 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang , V. 2005 . Common senses: Water, sensory experience and the generation of meaning . Journal of Material Culture , 10 ( 1 ) : 92 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. S. 2000 . Of sonograms and baby prams: Prenatal diagnosis, pregnancy, and consumption . Feminist Studies , 26 ( 2 ) : 391 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. S. 2004 . “ Introduction ” . In Consuming motherhood , Edited by: Taylor , J. S. , Lane , L. L. and Wozniak , D. F. 1 – 16 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. G. 2007 . Buy, buy baby: How consumer culture manipulates parents and harms young minds , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt .
   Google Scholar
• Tilson , D. J. 2005 . Religious-spiritual tourism and promotional campaigning: A church-state partnership for St. James and Spain . Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management , 12 ( 1–2 ) : 9 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Timothy , D. J. and Iverson , T. 2006 . “ Tourism and Islam: Considerations of culture and duty ” . In Tourism, religion and spiritual journeys , Edited by: Timothy , D. J. 186 – 205 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Tio , J. , LaCaze , A. and Cottrell , W. N. 2007 . Ascertaining consumer perspectives of medication information sources using a modified repertory grid technique . Pharmacy World & Science , 29 ( 2 ) : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Tourism Research and Marketing . 2006 . Medical tourism: A global analysis , Arnhem, , The Netherlands : Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) .
   Google Scholar
• Vernon , B. 2002 . A new national consumer voice pushes for reform of maternity services: The maternity coalition . The Australian Health Consumer , 3 : 21 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , W. D. and Gubar , G. 1966 . Life cycle concept in marketing research . Journal of Marketing Research , 3 ( 4 ) : 355 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , K. 2000 . The state, the market, and general practice: The Australian case . International Journal of Health Services , 30 ( 2 ) : 285 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. C. and Zelizer , V. A. 2005 . “ To commodify or not to commodify is not the question ” . In Rethinking commodification: Cases and readings in law and culture , Edited by: Ertman , M. M and Williams , J. C. 362 – 382 . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes , R. E. 1995 . Household life-cycle stages, transitions, and product expenditures . Journal of Consumer Research , 22 ( 1 ) : 27 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadoroznyj , M. 2001 . Birth and the ‘reflexive consumer’: Trust, risk and medical dominance in obstetric encounters . Journal of Sociology , 37 ( 2 ) : 117 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar