Understanding the Motivation and Travel Behavior of Cycle Tourists Using Involvement Profiles

REFERENCES

• Aguas , P. , Costa , J. and Rita , P. 2000 . A tourist market portfolio for Portugal . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 12 ( 7 ) : 394 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Andreu , L. , Kozak , M. , Avci , N. and Cifter , N. 2005 . Market segmentation by motivations to travel: British tourists visiting Turkey . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 19 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Baloglu , S. and Uysal , M. 1996 . Market segments of push and pull motivations: A canonical correlation approach . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 8 ( 3 ) : 32 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Bansal , H. and Eiselt , H. A. 2004 . Exploratory research of tourist motivations and planning . Tourism Management , 25 ( 3 ) : 387 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beane , T. T. and Ennis , D. M. 1987 . Market segmentation: A review . European Journal of Marketing , 21 ( 5 ) : 20 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard , J. G. and Ragheb , M. G. 1983 . Measuring leisure motivation . Journal of Leisure Research , 15 ( 3 ) : 219 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeton , S. 2006 . Regional communities and cycling: The case of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail, Victoria, Australia , Victoria, , Australia : La Trobe University .
   Google Scholar
• Beh , A. and Bruyere , B. L. 2007 . Segmentation by visitor motivation in three Kenyan national reserves . Tourism Management , 28 ( 6 ) : 1461 – 1471 .
   Google Scholar
• Bieger , T. and Laesser , C. 2002 . Market segmentation by motivation: The case of Switzerland . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 1 ) : 68 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Bricker , K. S. and Kerstetter , D. L. 2000 . Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists . Leisure Sciences , 22 ( 4 ) : 233 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler , J. A. and Costello , C. A. 2002 . A profile of visitors at heritage tourism destinations in East Tennessee according to Plog's activity lifestyle and activity level preferences model . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 161 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , H.-L. and Chang , H.-W. 2005 . Comparion between the differences of recreational cyclists in national scenic bikeway and local bike lane . Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies , 6 : 2178 – 2193 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , H.-W. and Chang , H.-L. 2003 . A strategic study of bicycle tourism in Taiwan . Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies , 5 : 1675 – 1685 .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , J. L. 1979 . Motivations for pleasure vacation . Annals of Tourism Research , 6 ( 4 ) : 408 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Cushing , S. October 1997 . The tourism potential of the national cycle network routes , October , London : Paper presented at the Tourism Society Seminar .
   Google Scholar
• Dann , G. M. 1977 . Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 4 ( 4 ) : 184 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Dann , G. M. 1981 . Tourism motivations: An appraisal . Annals of Tourism Research , 8 ( 2 ) : 189 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources . 2003 . Tourism white paper , Canberra : Australian Government .
   Google Scholar
• Deutskens , E. , de Ruyter , K. , Wetzels , M. and & Oosterveld , P. 2004 . Response rate and response quality of Internet-based surveys: An experimental study . Marketing Letters , 15 ( 1 ) : 21 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolnicar , S. 2008 . “ Market segmentation in tourism ” . In Tourism management, analysis, behaviour and strategy , Edited by: Woodside , A. and Martin , D. 129 – 150 . Cambridge, MA : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar , S. , Crouch , G. I. , Devinney , T. , Huybers , T. , Louviere , J. J. and Operwal , H. 2008 . Tourism and discretionary income allocation: Heterogeniety among households . Tourism Management , 29 ( 1 ) : 44 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolnicar , S. and Leisch , F. 2003 . Winter tourist segments in Austria: Identifying stable vacation styles using bagged clustering techniques . Journal of Travel Research , 41 ( 3 ) : 281 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Downward , P. and Lumsdon , L. 2001 . The development of recreational cycle routes: An evaluation of user needs . Managing Leisure , 6 : 50 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewert , A. and Hollenhorst , S. 1994 . Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience . Leisure Sciences , 16 ( 3 ) : 177 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulks , P. , Ritchie , B. , Brown , G. and Beeton , S. 2008a . Cycle tourism and South Australia destination marketing: An exploratory study , Gold Coast: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Faulks , P. , Ritchie , B. and Dodd , J. December 2008b . Bicycle tourism as an opportunity for re-creation and restoration? Investigating the motivations of bike ride participants , December , New Zealand : Paper presented at the New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference, Hanmer Springs .
   Google Scholar
• Faulks , P. , Ritchie , B. W. and Fluker , M. 2007 . Cycle tourism in Australia: An investigation into its size and scope , Gold Coast: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Field , A. 2009 . Discovering statistics using SPSS: (and sex and drugs and rock ‘n' roll) , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Figler , M. H. , Weinstein , A. , Sollers , J. J. and Devan , B. D. 1992 . Pleasure travel (tourist) motivation: A factor analytic approach . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 30 ( 2 ) : 113 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Fodness , D. 1994 . Measuring tourist motivation . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 ( 3 ) : 555 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frochot , I. 2005 . A benefit segmentation of tourists in rural areas: A Scottish perspective . Tourism Management , 26 ( 3 ) : 335 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk , D. C. , Ridinger , L. L. and Moorman , A. M. 2004 . Exploring origins of involvement: Understanding the relationship between consumer motives and involvement with professional sport teams . Leisure Sciences , 26 ( 1 ) : 35 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furr , H. L. and Boon , M. A. 2006 . Relation destination satisfaction to future travel behaviour . Tourism Analysis , 11 ( 3 ) : 211 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , H. J. 1998 . Active sport tourism: Who participates? . Leisure Studies , 17 : 155 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Goeft , U. and Alder , J. 2001 . Sustainable mountain biking: A case study from the Southwest of Western Australia . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 9 ( 3 ) : 193 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , M. J. and Brown , G. 2008 . An empirical structural model of tourists and places: Progressing involvement and place attachment into tourism . Tourism Management , 29 ( 6 ) : 1141 – 1151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. J. , Black , W. C. , Babin , B. J. , Anderson , R. E. and Tatham , R. L. 2006 . Multivariate data analysis , 6th , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Education, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Havitz , M. E. and Howard , D. R. 1995 . How enduring in enduring involvement? A seasonal examination of three recreational activities . Journal of Consumer Psychology , 4 : 255 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Havitz , M. E. and Mannell , R. C. 2005 . Enduring involvement, situational involvement, and flow in leisure and non-leisure activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 57 ( 2 ) : 152 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , B. and Wu , H. 2007 . Segmentation by craft selection criteria and shopping involvement . Tourism Management , 28 ( 4 ) : 1079 – 1092 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamrozy , U. , Backman , S. J. and Backman , K. F. 1996 . Involvement and opinion leadship in tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 23 ( 4 ) : 908 – 924 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang , S. , Hu , C. , Morrison , A. M. and O'Leary , J. T. 2007 . Demonstrating an exploratory-confirmatory factor approach to travel activity patterns: A study of French pleasure travellers to North America . Tourism Analysis , 12 ( 3 ) : 149 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Jang , S. and Wu , C.-M. E. 2006 . Seniors' travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors . Tourism Management , 27 ( 2 ) : 306 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J. , Wei , S. and Ruys , H. 2003 . Segmenting the market of West Australian senior tourists using an artificial neural network . Tourism Management , 24 ( 1 ) : 25 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb , B. M. 2006 . Tourism marketing for cities and towns: Using branding and events to attract tourists , Boston : Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Kotler , P. 1980 . Principles of marketing , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kotler , P. , Bowen , J. T. and Makens , J. C. 2003 . Marketing for hospitality and tourism , 3rd , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. , Graefe , A. R. , Manning , R. and Bacon , J. 2003 . An examination of the relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the Appalachian Trail . Journal of Leisure Research , 35 ( 3 ) : 249 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. T. , Absher , J. D. , Hammitt , W. E. and Cavin , J. 2006 . An examination of the motivation-involvement relationship . Leisure Sciences , 2 ( 6 ) : 467 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurent , G. and Kapferer , J.-N. 1985 . Measuring consumer involvement profiles . Journal of Marketing Research , 22 ( 1 ) : 41 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumsdon , L. 1996 . Cycle tourism in Britain . Insights , March : D27 – D32 .
   Google Scholar
• Lumsdon , L. 2000 . Transport and tourism: Cycle tourism—A model for sustainable development? . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 8 ( 5 ) : 361 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. L. 1994 . Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 22 ( 3 ) : 361 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B. L. 2004 . Recreation specialization and site choice among vehicle-based campers . Leisure Sciences , 26 ( 3 ) : 309 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. 1989 . The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement . Journal of Leisure Research , 21 ( 2 ) : 167 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. 1991 . Why do people rockclimb? . Australian Journal of Leisure and Recreation , 1 ( 3 ) : 33 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre , N. and Pigram , J. J. 1992 . Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle-based campers . Leisure Sciences , 14 : 3 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mill , R. and Morrison , A. 1998 . The tourism system: An introductory text , 3rd , Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , P. E. and Murphy , A. E. 2004 . Strategic management for tourism communities: Bridging the gaps , Clevedon, UK : Channel View Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. 1978 . Psychometric theory , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Park , D.-B. and Yoon , Y.-S. 2009 . Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study . Tourism Management , 30 ( 1 ) : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , K.-S. , Reisinger , Y. and Park , C.-S. 2009 . Visitors' motivation for attending theme parks in Orlando, Colorado . Event Management , 13 ( 2 ) : 83 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , M. , Yang , X. , Lee , B. , Jang , H.-C. and Stokowski , P. A. 2002 . Segmenting casino gamblers by involvement profiles: A Colorado example . Tourism Management , 23 ( 1 ) : 55 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdue , R. 1996 . Target market selection and marketing strategy: The Colorado downhill skiing industry . Journal of Travel Research , 34 ( 4 ) : 39 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Pike , S. D. 2008 . Destination marketing , Burlington, MA : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Plog , S. C. 1974 . Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity . The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 14 ( 4 ) : 55 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Poria , Y. , Butler , R. and Airey , D. 2004 . Links between tourism, heritage, and reasons for visiting heritage sites . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 1 ) : 19 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Pyo , S. 1996 . Far East Asia tourist market segmentation by push attributes . Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research , 1 ( 1 ) : 91 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , B. W. 1998 . Bicycle tourism in the South Island of New Zealand: Planning and management issues . Tourism Management , 19 ( 6 ) : 567 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , B.W. 2000 . Cycle tourism in the South Island of New Zealand , New Zealand : Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Otago .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , T. and Gammon , S. 2004 . A question of primary and secondary motives: Revisiting and applying the sport tourism framework . Journal of Sport Tourism , 9 ( 3 ) : 221 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Schuett , M. A. 1991 . Testing the adventure model for outdoor adventure recreation participation , Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , N. and Parfitt , N. 2004 . Lifestyle segmentation in tourism and leisure: Imposing order or finding it? . Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism , 5 ( 2-4 ) : 121 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Seo , J. H. , Park , S. Y. and Yu , L. 2009 . The analysis of the relationships of Korean outbound tourism demand: Jeju Island and three international destinations . Tourism Management , 30 ( 4 ) : 530 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen , P. and Jorgenson , B. 1996 . Cycling tourism: Environmental and economic sustainability? , Denmark : Unpublished report, Bornholm Research Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , W. 1956 . Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies . Journal of Marketing , 21 ( 1 ) : 3 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South Australian Tourism Commission. (2005). Cycle Tourism Strategy 2005–2009 http://www.tourism.sa.gov.au/tourism/plan/cycley tourismstrategy.pdf (Accessed: 7 July 2006 ).
   Google Scholar
• Standeven , J. and De Knop , P. 1999 . Sport tourism , Champagne, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Sustrans . 1999 . Cycle tourism , Bristol, , UK : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Sustrans . 2007 . The economic impact of cycle tourism in North East England , Bristol, , UK : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Swarbrooke , J. and Horner , S. 1999 . Consumer behaviour in tourism , Oxford, UK : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Tkaczynski , A. , Rundle-Thiele , S. R. and Beamount , N. 2009 . Segmentation: A tourism stakeholder view . Tourism Management , 30 ( 2 ) : 169 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourism Australia. (2008). Cycle tourism http://www.tourism.australia.com/Marketing.asp?lang=EN&sub=0437&al=2556 (Accessed: 30 July 2008 ).
   Google Scholar
• Tschapka , M. 2006 . Involvement, motivations and setting preferences of participants in the adventure tourism activity of SCUBA diving , Australia : Unpublished master's thesis, University of Canberra .
   Google Scholar
• Uysal , M. and Hagan , L. A. R. 1993 . “ Motivation of pleasure travel and tourism ” . In Encyclopaedia of hospitality and tourism , Edited by: Khan , M. , Olsen , M. and Var , T. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Uysal , M. and Jurowski , C. 1994 . Testing the push and pull factors . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 ( 4 ) : 844 – 846 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , C. G. E. , Shaw , S. M. and Havitz , M. E. 2000 . Men's and women's involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement . Leisure Sciences , 22 ( 1 ) : 19 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan , S. and McDonald , C. 1990 . Motivational determinants of international pleasure time . Journal of Travel Research , 29 ( 1 ) : 42 – 44 .
   Google Scholar