1,425
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Role Of Sea-Based Adventure Experiences In Tourists’ Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions

Pages 67-87 | Received 31 May 2014, Accepted 12 Jan 2015, Published online: 06 May 2015

REFERENCES

  • Adventure Travel Trade Association. (2013). Adventure tourism market study [pdf]. Retrieved from http://www.adventuretravel.biz/research/
  • Arnould, E. J., Price, L., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2002). Consumers. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  • Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24–45. doi:10.1086/209331
  • Ayob, N., Wahid, N., & Omar, A. (2013). Mediating effect of visitors’ event experiences in relation to event features and post-consumption behaviors. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 14(3), 177–192. doi:10.1080/15470148.2013.814037
  • Barbieri, C., & Sotomayor, S. (2013). Surf travel behavior and destination preferences: An application of the serious leisure inventory and measure. Tourism Management, 35, 111–121. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.005
  • Beedie, P. (2003). Mountain guiding and adventure tourism: Reflections on the choreography of the experience. Leisure Studies, 22(2), 147–167. doi:10.1080/026143603200068991
  • Bendall-Lyon, D., & Powers, T. L. (2004). The impact of structure and process attributes on satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Journal of Services Marketing, 18(2), 114–121. doi:10.1108/08876040410528719
  • Boniface, M. R. (2000). Towards an understanding of flow and other positive experience phenomena within outdoor and adventurous activities. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 1(1), 55–68. doi:10.1080/14729670085200071
  • Bonnefoy-Claudet, L., & Ghantous, N. (2013). Emotions’ impact on tourists’ satisfaction with ski resorts: The mediating role of perceived value. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(6), 624–637. doi:10.1080/10548408.2013.810999
  • Bowen, D., & Clarke, J. (2002). Reflections on tourist satisfaction research: Past, present and future. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(4), 297–308. doi:10.1177/135676670200800401
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Buckley, R. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management, 33(4), 961–970. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.002
  • Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Canniford, R., & Shankar, A. (2013). Purifying practices: How consumers assemble romantic experiences of nature. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(5), 1051–1069. doi:10.1086/667202
  • Celsi, R. L., Rose, R. L., & Leigh, T. W. (1993). An exploration of high-risk leisure consumption through skydiving. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 1–23. doi:10.1086/209330
  • Chan, L. K., Hui, Y. V., Lo, H. P., Siu, K. T., Tso, G. K., & Wu, M. L. (2003). Consumer satisfaction index: New practice and findings. European Journal of Marketing, 37(5/6), 872–909. doi:10.1108/03090560310465189
  • Chen, C.-F., & Chen, F.-S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008
  • Chen, C.-F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
  • Chhetri, P., Arrowsmith, C., & Jackson, M. (2004). Determining hiking experiences in nature-based tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 25(1), 31–43. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00057-8
  • Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
  • Cole, S. T., & Chancellor, H. C. (2009). Examining the festival attributes that impact visitor experience, satisfaction and re-visit intention. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(4), 323–333. doi:10.1177/1356766709335831
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Play and intrinsic rewards. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(3), 41–63. doi:10.1177/002216787501500306
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1977). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Second printing. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self: A psychology for the third millennium. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
  • Cutler, S. Q., & Carmichael, B. A. (2010). The dimensions of the tourist experience. In M. Morgan, P. Lugosi, & J. R. B. Ritchie (Eds.), The tourism and leisure experience (pp. 3–26). Bristol: Chanel View.
  • del Bosque, I. R., & Martín, H. S. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
  • Dimmock, K. (2009). Finding comfort in adventure: Experiences of recreational SCUBA divers. Leisure Studies, 28(3), 279–295. doi:10.1080/02614360902951674
  • Duman, T., & Mattila, A. S. (2005). The role of affective factors on perceived cruise vacation value. Tourism Management, 26(3), 311–323. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.014
  • Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1992). Importance of socialization to repeat visitation. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(2), 364–367. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90091-3
  • Floyd, M. F. (1997). Pleasure, arousal, and dominance: Exploring affective determinants of recreation satisfaction. Leisure Sciences, 19(2), 83–96. doi:10.1080/01490409709512241
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
  • Gallarza, M. G., & Gil Saura, I. (2006). Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: An investigation of university students’ travel behaviour. Tourism Management, 27(3), 437–452. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.002
  • Grappi, S., & Montanari, F. (2011). The role of social identification and hedonism in affecting tourist re-patronizing behaviours: The case of an Italian festival. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1128–1140. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.10.001
  • Gyimóthy, S., & Mykletun, R. J. (2004). Play in adventure tourism: The case of Arctic trekking. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 855–878. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.005
  • Haeckel, S. H., Carbone, L. P., & Berry, L. L. (2003). How to lead the customer experience. Marketing Management, 12(1), 18–23.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Hall, C. M., & Weiler, B. (1992). Adventure, sport and health tourism. In B. Weiler & C. M. Hall (Eds.), Special interest tourism (pp. 141–158). London: Belhaven Press.
  • Haworth, J., & Evans, S. (1995). Challenge, skill and positive subjective states in the! daily life of a sample of YTS students. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(2), 109–121. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00576.x
  • Herrick, T. A., & McDonald, C. D. (1992). Factors affecting overall satisfaction with a river recreation experience. Environmental Management, 16(2), 243–247. doi:10.1007/BF02393829
  • Hirschman, E. C., & Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92–101. doi:10.2307/1251707
  • Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132–140. doi:10.1086/208906
  • Hopkinson, G., & Pujari, D. (1999). A factor analytic study of the sources of meaning in hedonic consumption. European Journal of Marketing, 33(3/4), 273–294. doi:10.1108/03090569910253053
  • Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2010). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 513–526. doi:10.1177/0047287509349267
  • Hosany, S., & Witham, M. (2010). Dimensions of cruisers’ experiences, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 351–364. doi:10.1177/0047287509346859
  • Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1969). The theory of buyer behavior. New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Hsu, C.-L., & Lu, H.-P. (2004). Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information & Management, 41(7), 853–868. doi:10.1016/j.im.2003.08.014
  • Huang, J., & Hsu, C. H. (2010). The impact of customer-to-customer interaction on cruise experience and vacation satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), 79–92. doi:10.1177/0047287509336466
  • Hunt, H. K. (1977). Consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction: Overview and research directions. In H. K. Hunt (Ed.), Conceptualization and measurement of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (pp. 455–488). Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256–262. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(82)90049-4
  • Janssens, W., de Pelshmacker, P., van Kenhove, P., & Wijnen, K. (2008). Marketing research with SPSS. London: Pearson Education
  • Jennett, C., Cox, A. L., Cairns, P., Dhoparee, S., Epps, A., Tijs, T., & Walton, A. (2008). Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66(9), 641–661. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.04.004
  • Jöreskog, K., Sörbom, D., du Toit, S., & du Toit, M. (1999). LISREL 8: New statistical features. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
  • Kane, M. J., & Zink, R. (2004). Package adventure tours: Markers in serious leisure careers. Leisure Studies, 23(4), 329–345. doi:10.1080/0261436042000231655
  • Kao, Y.-F., Huang, L.-S., & Wu, C.-H. (2008). Effects of theatrical elements on experiential quality and loyalty intentions for theme parks. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 163–174. doi:10.1080/10941660802048480
  • Keaveney, S. M. (2008). Equines and their human companions. Journal of Business Research, 61(5), 444–454. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.017
  • Keiningham, T. L., Cooil, B., Aksoy, L., Andreassen, T. W., & Weiner, J. (2007). The value of different customer satisfaction and loyalty metrics in predicting customer retention, recommendation, and share-of-wallet. Managing Service Quality, 17(4), 361–384. doi:10.1108/09604520710760526
  • Kim, J.-H., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2014). Cross-cultural validation of a memorable tourism experience scale (MTES). Journal of Travel Research, 53(3), 323–335. doi:10.1177/0047287513496468
  • Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12–25. doi:10.1177/0047287510385467
  • Kim, N. S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25(6), 695–707.
  • Knopf, R. C., Peterson, G. L., & Leatherberry, E. C. (1983). Motives for recreational river floating: Relative consistency across settings. Leisure Sciences, 5(3), 231–255. doi:10.1080/01490408309513005
  • Koo, D.-M. (2009). The moderating role of locus of control on the links between experiential motives and intention to play online games. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 466–474. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.10.010
  • Langseth, T. (2012). Liquid ice surfers—The construction of surfer identities in Norway. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 12(1), 3–23. doi:10.1080/14729679.2011.599987
  • Lee, J.-S., Lee, C.-K., & Choi, Y. (2010). Examining the role of emotional and functional values in festival evaluation. Journal of Travel Research, 50(6), 685–696. doi:10.1177/0047287510385465
  • Lee, T. H., & Hsu, F. Y. (2013). Examining how attending motivation and satisfaction affects the loyalty for attendees at Aboriginal festivals. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 18–34. doi:10.1002/jtr.867
  • Lee, Y., Dattilo, J., & Howard, D. (1994). The complex and dynamic nature of leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(3), 195–211.
  • Li, M., Cai, L. A., Lehto, X. Y., & Huang, J. (2010). A missing link in understanding revisit intention—The role of motivation and image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(4), 335–348. doi:10.1080/10548408.2010.481559
  • Little, D. E. (2002). How do women construct adventure recreation in their lives? Why we need to re-engage with the essence of adventure experience. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 2(1), 55–69. doi:10.1080/14729670285200161
  • Loureiro, S. (2014). The role of the rural tourism experience economy in place attachment and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.02.010
  • Luo, M. M., Chen, J.-S., Ching, R. K., & Liu, C.-C. (2011). An examination of the effects of virtual experiential marketing on online customer intentions and loyalty. The Service Industries Journal, 31(13), 2163–2191. doi:10.1080/02642069.2010.503885
  • Maccarthy, M., O’Neill, M., & Williams, P. (2006). Customer satisfaction and scuba-diving: Some insights from the deep. The Service Industries Journal, 26(5), 537–555. doi:10.1080/02642060600722841
  • Magnussen, L. I. (2012). Play—The making of deep outdoor experiences. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 12(1), 25–39. doi:10.1080/14729679.2010.532995
  • Mannell, R. C., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1987). Psychological nature of leisure and tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 314–331. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(87)90105-8
  • Manthiou, A., Lee, S., Tang, L., & Chiang, L. (2014). The experience economy approach to festival marketing: Vivid memory and attendee loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(1), 22–35. doi:10.1108/JSM-06-2012-0105
  • Morgan, D., Moore, K., & Mansell, R. (2000). Adventure tourists on water: Linking expectations, affect, achievement and enjoyment to the adventure. Journal of Sport Tourism, 6(1), 10–23. doi:10.1080/10295390008718684
  • Morgan, M. (2007). ‘We’re not the Barmy Army!’: Reflections on the sports tourist experience. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(5), 361–372. doi:10.1002/jtr.637
  • Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • O’Cass, A., & Carlson, J. (2010). Examining the effects of website-induced flow in professional sporting team websites. Internet Research, 20(2), 115–134. doi:10.1108/10662241011032209
  • O’Connell, T. S. (2010). The effects of age, gender and level of experience on motivation to sea kayak. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 10(1), 51–66. doi:10.1080/14729671003669289
  • O’Shaughnessy, J., & O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (2002). Marketing, the consumer society and hedonism. European Journal of Marketing, 36(5/6), 524–547. doi:10.1108/03090560210422871
  • Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring experience economy concepts: Tourism applications. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 119–132. doi:10.1177/0047287507304039
  • Oliver, R. L. (1993). Cognitive, affective, and attribute bases of the satisfaction response. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 418–430. doi:10.1086/209358
  • Patterson, I., & Pan, R. (2007). The motivations of baby boomers to participate in adventure tourism and the implications for adventure tour providers. Annals of Leisure Research, 10(1), 26–53. doi:10.1080/11745398.2007.9686753
  • Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review, 76, 97–105.
  • Pizam, A. (2010). Creating memorable experiences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 343. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.04.003
  • Pomfret, G. (2006). Mountaineering adventure tourists: A conceptual framework for research. Tourism Management, 27(1), 113–123. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003
  • Puchan, H. (2005). Living “extreme”: Adventure sports, media and commercialisation. Journal of Communication Management, 9(2), 171–178. doi:10.1108/13632540510621588
  • Quan, S., & Wang, N. (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist experience: An illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism Management, 25(3), 297–305. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00130-4
  • Ryan, C. (2003). Risk acceptance in adventure tourism-Paradox and content. In J. Wilks & S. J. Page (Eds.), Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium (pp. 55–66). Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Ryu, K., Han, H., & Kim, T.-H. (2008). The relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 459–469. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.11.001
  • Sanford, A. W. (2007). Pinned on Karma Rock: White-water kayaking as religious experience. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 75(4), 875–895. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfm062
  • Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management. 15(1–3), 53–67. doi:10.1362/026725799784870496
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). New York, NY: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
  • Shernoff, D. J., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Shneider, B., & Shernoff, E. S. (2003). Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 158–176. doi:10.1521/scpq.18.2.158.21860
  • Shoham, A., Rose, G. M., & Kahle, L. R. (2000). Practitioners of risky sports: A quantitative examination. Journal of Business Research, 47(3), 237–251. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(98)00093-9
  • Spreng, R. A., MacKenzie, S. B., & Olshavsky, R. W. (1996). A reexamination of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 15–32. doi:10.2307/1251839
  • Straughan, E. R. (2012). Touched by water: The body in scuba diving. Emotion, Space and Society, 5(1), 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2010.10.003
  • Sung, H. H. (2004). Classification of adventure travelers: Behavior, decision making, and target markets. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 343–356. doi:10.1177/0047287504263028
  • Sung, H. Y., Morrison, A. M., & O’Leary, J. T. (2000). Segmenting the adventure travel market by activities: From the North American industry providers’ perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 9(4), 1–20. doi:10.1300/J073v09n04_01
  • Swarbrooke, J., Beard, C., Leckie, S., & Pomfret, G. (2003). Adventure tourism: The new frontier. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Trauer, B. (2006). Conceptualizing special interest tourism—Frameworks for analysis. Tourism Management, 27(2), 183–200. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.004
  • Triantafillidou, A., & Siomkos, G. (2013a, June 4–6). Delving inside the multidimensional nature of experience across different consumption activities. 42nd European Marketing Academy Conference, Istanbul.
  • Triantafillidou, A., & Siomkos, G. (2013b). Summer camping: An extraordinary, nostalgic, and interpersonal experience. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(3), 197–208. doi:10.1177/1356766712463719
  • Tsaur, S.-H., Chiu, Y.-T., & Wang, C.-H. (2007). The visitors behavioral consequences of experiential marketing: An empirical study on Taipei Zoo. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21(1), 47–64. doi:10.1300/J073v21n01_04
  • Turner, E. (2012). Communitas: The anthropology of collective joy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Varley, P. (2006). Confecting adventure and playing with meaning: The adventure commodification continuum. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 173–194. doi:10.1080/14775080601155217
  • Walle, A. H. (1997). Pursuing risk or insight: Marketing adventures. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 265–282. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80001-1
  • Warshaw, P. R., & Davis, F. D. (1985). Disentangling behavioral intention and behavioral expectation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(3), 213–228. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(85)90017-4
  • Weber, K. (2001). Outdoor adventure tourism: A review of research approaches. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 360–377. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00051-7
  • Westbrook, R. A. (1980). A rating scale for measuring product/service satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 44(4), 68–72. doi:10.2307/1251232
  • Westbrook, R. A., & Oliver, R. L. (1991). The dimensionality of consumption emotion patterns and consumer satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 84–91. doi:10.1086/209243
  • Whisman, S. A., & Hollenhorst, S. J. (1998). A path model of white-water boating satisfaction on the Cheat River of West Virginia. Environmental Management, 22(1), 109–117. doi:10.1007/s002679900088
  • Williams, P., & Soutar, G. (2005). Close to the “edge”: Critical issues for adventure tourism operators. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(3), 247–261. doi:10.1080/10941660500309614
  • Williams, P., & Soutar, G. N. (2009). Value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions in an adventure tourism context. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 413–438. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2009.02.002
  • Willig, C. (2008). A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part in `extreme sports’. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(5), 690–702. doi:10.1177/1359105307082459
  • Woodruff, J. (1985). A spate of words, full of sound & fury, signifying nothing: Or, how to read in Harlequin. The Journal of Popular Culture, 19(2), 25–32. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1985.00025.x
  • Woodruff, R. B., Cadotte, E. R., & Jenkins, R. L. (1983). Modeling consumer satisfaction processes using experience-based norms. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(3), 296–304. doi:10.2307/3151833
  • Wu, C. H. J., & Liang, R.-D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, 32(2), 317–325. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.001
  • Wymer Jr, W. W., Self, D. R., & Findley, C. S. (2010). Sensation seekers as a target market for volunteer tourism. Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(3), 348–362. doi:10.1080/15332969.2010.486698
  • Ye, B. H., Zhang, H. Q., & Yuan, J. J. (2014). Intentions to participate in wine tourism in an emerging market: Theorization and implications. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, doi:10.1177/1096348014525637

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.