2,650
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Sense of belonging to a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender event: the examination of affective bond and collective self-esteem

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 244-256 | Received 05 Dec 2016, Accepted 14 Jul 2017, Published online: 27 Jul 2017

References

  • Ayob, N., Wahid, N. A., & Omar, A. (2013). Mediating effect of visitors’ event experiences in relation to event features and post-consumption behaviors. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 14(3), 177–192. doi:10.1080/15470148.2013.814037
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. doi:10.1007/BF02723327
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1991). Multitrait-multimethod matrices in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 426–439. doi:10.1086/jcr.1991.17.issue-4
  • Baker, D. A., & Crompton, J. L. (2000). Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785–804. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00108-5
  • Bakhtin, M. (1984). Rabelais and his world. (Helene Iswolsky Trans.). Bloomington, IN: University Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Bowes, J. E. (1996). Out of the closet and into the marketplace: Meeting basic needs in the gay community. Journal of Homosexuality, 31(1/2), 219–244. doi:10.1300/J082v31n01_14
  • Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482. doi:10.1177/0146167291175001
  • Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this” We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83–93. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83
  • Browne, K. (2007). A party with politics? (Re)making LGBTQ pride spaces in Dublin and Brington. Social & Cultural Geography, 8(1), 63–87. doi:10.1080/14649360701251817
  • Burnett, J. J. (2000). Gays: Feelings about advertising and media used. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(1/2), 75–84. doi:10.2501/JAR-40-1-2-75-84
  • Carlson, B. D., Suter, T. A., & Brown, T. J. (2008). Social versus psychological brand community: The role of psychological sense of brand community. Journal of Business Research, 61(4), 284–291. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.022
  • Cheung, C. M., & Lee, M. K. (2012). What drives consumers to spread electronic word of mouth in online consumer-opinion platforms. Decision Support Systems, 53(1), 218–225. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.01.015
  • Clift, S., Luongo, M., & Callister, C. (2002). Gay tourism: Culture, identity and sex. London: Continuum.
  • Community Marketing, Inc. [CMI]. (2015). Survey reports on the attitudes and consumer behavior of 3,772 LGBT travelers [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://communitymarketinginc.com/20th-annual-lgbt-tourism-hospitality-survey/
  • Coon, D. R. (2012). Sun, sand, and citizenship: The marketing of gay tourism. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(4), 511–534. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.648883
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
  • Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193–218. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
  • Dholakia, U. M., Bagozzi, R. P., & Pearo, L. K. (2004). A social influence model of consumer participation in network-and small-group-based virtual communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(3), 241–263. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.004
  • Dimanche, F., & Samdahl, D. (1994). Leisure as symbolic consumption: A conceptualization and prospectus for future research. Leisure Sciences, 16(2), 119–129. doi:10.1080/01490409409513224
  • Duffy, M., & Waitt, G. (2011). Rural festivals and processes of belonging. In C. Gibson & J. Connell (Eds.), Festival places: Revitalising rural Australia. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications.
  • Falassi, A. (1987). Festival: Definitions and morphology. In A. Falsassi (Ed.), Time out of time: Essays on the festival. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Frable, D. E., Wortman, C., & Joseph, J. (1997). Predicting self‐esteem, well‐being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: The importance of cultural stigma, personal visibility, community networks, and positive identity. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 599–624. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00328.x
  • Gamson, J. (1996).The organizational shaping of collective identity: The case of lesbian and gay film festivals in New York. Sociological Forum, 11(2), 231-261.
  • Gay Days. (2016). Guide to gay days. Retrieved from https://www.gaydays.com/Guide-to-Gay-Days/guide-to-gay-days.html
  • Getz, D. (1991). Festivals, special events, and tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Getz, D. (2010). The nature and scope of festival studies. International Journal of Event Management Research, 5(1), 1–47.
  • Giorgi, G. (2002). Madrid en tránsito: Travelers, visibility, and gay identity. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 8(1), 57–79. doi:10.1215/10642684-8-1-2-57
  • Graham, M. (2002). Challenges from the margins: Gay tourism as cultural critique. In S. Clift, M. Luongo, & S. Callister (Eds.), Gay tourism: Culture, identity and sex. London: Continuum.
  • Grappi, S., & Montanari, F. (2011). The role of social identification and hedonism in affecting tourist re-patronizing behaviours: The case of an Italian festival. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1128–1140. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.10.001
  • Guaracino, J., & Salvato, E. (2017). Handbook of LGBT tourism and hospitality: A guide for business practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Hagerty, B. M. K., Lynch-Sauer, J., Patusky, K., Bouwsema, M., & Collier, P. (1992). Sense of belonging: A vital mental health concept. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(3), 172–177. doi:10.1016/0883-9417(92)90028-H
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Harper, G. W., & Schneider, M. (2003). Oppression and discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people and communities: A challenge for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(3–4), 243–252. doi:10.1023/A:1023906620085
  • Hede, A. M., Jago, L., & Deery, M. (2005). Segmentation of special event attendees using personal values. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2–4), 33–55. doi:10.1300/J162v05n02_03
  • Herrera, S. L., & Scott, D. (2005). We gotta get out of this place! Leisure travel among gay men living in a small city. Tourism Review International, 8(3), 249–262. doi:10.3727/154427205774791564
  • Hoffman, M., Richmond, J., Morrow, J., & Salomone, K. (2002). Investigating “sense of belonging” in first-year college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(3), 227–256. doi:10.2190/DRYC-CXQ9-JQ8V-HT4V
  • Holcomb, B., & Luongo, M. (1996). Gay tourism in the United States. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 711–713. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(95)00090-9
  • Holt, M. (2011). Gay men and ambivalence about ‘gay community’: From gay community attachment to personal communities. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13(8), 857–871. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.581390
  • Hughes, H. (1997). Holiday and homosexual identity. Tourism Management, 18(1), 3–7. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00093-3
  • Hughes, H. (2002). Gay men’s holiday destination choice: A case of risk and avoidance. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(4), 299–312. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1522-1970
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256–262. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(82)90049-4
  • Jarvis, N. (2013). A short, selective history of the Gay Games: Conflicts, clashes and controversies. In U. Merkel (Ed.), Power, politics and international events: Socio-cultural analyses of festivals and spectacles. New York: Routledge.
  • Jones, C. D., Patterson, M. E., & Hammitt, W. E. (2000). Evaluating the construct validity of sense of belonging as a measure of landscape perception. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(4), 383–395.
  • Kates, S. M. (2003). Producing and consuming gendered representations: An interpretation of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Consumption, Markets and Culture, 6(1), 5–22. doi:10.1080/10253860302699
  • Kates, S. M., & Belk, R. W. (2001). The meanings of lesbian and gay pride day resistance through consumption and resistance to consumption. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30(4), 392–429. doi:10.1177/089124101030004003
  • Klandermans, B. (1994). Transient identities? Membership patterns in the Dutch peace movement. In E. Laraña, H. Johnston, & J. R. Gusfield (Eds.), New social movements: From ideology to identity (pp. 168–184). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Lee, J. J., Kyle, G., & Scott, D. (2012). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival satisfaction and loyalty to the festival hosting destination. Journal of Travel Research, 51(6), 754–767. doi:10.1177/0047287512437859
  • Long, D. A., & Perkins, D. D. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the sense of community index and development of a brief SCI. Journal of Community Psychology, 31(3), 279–296. doi:10.1002/jcop.10046
  • Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 302–318. doi:10.1177/0146167292183006
  • Markwell, K. (2002). Mardi Gras tourism and the construction of Sydney as an international gay and lesbian city. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 8(1), 81–99. doi:10.1215/10642684-8-1-2-81
  • Markwell, K., & Waitt, G. (2009). Festivals, space and sexuality: Gay pride in Australia. Tourism Geographies, 11(2), 143–168. doi:10.1080/14616680902827092
  • Mason, M. C., & Nassivera, F. (2013). A conceptualization of the relationships between quality, satisfaction, behavioral intention, and awareness of a festival. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22(2), 162–182. doi:10.1080/19368623.2011.643449
  • McLaren, S., Jude, B., & MacLachlan, A. J. (2008). Sense of belonging to the general and gay communities as predictors of depression among Australian gay men. International Journal of Men’s Health, 7(1), 90–99. doi:10.3149/jmh.0701.90
  • Melián-González, A., Moreno-Gil, S., & Araña, J. E. (2011). Gay tourism in a sun and beach destination. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1027–1037. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.015
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Monterrubio, J. C., Hughes, A. M., & Mason, P. (2007). Gay men’s sexual behavior in a holiday destination. e-Review of Tourism Research, 5(3), 56–63.
  • Morgan, M. (2008). What makes a good festival? Understanding the event experience. Event Management, 12(2), 81–93. doi:10.3727/152599509787992562
  • Mueller, C. M. (1992). Building social movement theory. In A. D. Morris & C. M. Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory (pp. 3–25). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Murray, D. A. (2007). The civilized homosexual: Travel talk and the project of gay identity. Sexualities, 10(1), 49–60. doi:10.1177/1363460707072953
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Petrick, J. F., Bennett, G., & Tsuji, Y. (2013). Development of a scale for measuring event attendees’ evaluations of a sporting event to determine loyalty. Event Management, 17(2), 97–110. doi:10.3727/152599513X13668224082224
  • Pitts, B. G. (1999). Sports tourism and niche markets: Identification and analysis of the growing lesbian and gay sports tourism industry. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5(1), 31–50. doi:10.1177/135676679900500104
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Poria, Y., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2004). Links between tourists, heritage, and reasons for visiting heritage sites. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 19–28. doi:10.1177/0047287504265508
  • Prentice, D. A., Miller, D. T., & Lightdale, J. R. (2008). Asymmetries in attachments to groups and to their members: Distinguishing between common-identity and common-bond groups. In J. M. Levine & R. L. Moreland (Eds.), Small groups: Key readings in social psychology. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Prentice, R., & Andersen, V. (2003). Festival as creative destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 7–30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8
  • Prezza, M., Pacilli, M. G., Barbaranelli, C., & Zampatti, E. (2009). The MTSOCS: A multidimensional sense of community scale for local communities. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(3), 305–326. doi:10.1002/jcop.v37:3
  • Pritchard, A., Morgan, N. J., Sedgely, D., & Jenkins, A. (1998). Reaching out to the gay tourist: Opportunities and threats in an emerging market segment. Tourism Management, 19(3), 273–282. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)80016-2
  • Ren, Y., Kraut, R., & Kiesler, S. (2007). Applying common identity and bond theory to design of online communities. Organization Studies, 28(3), 377–408. doi:10.1177/0170840607076007
  • Riggle, E. D., Whitman, J. S., Olson, A., Rostosky, S. S., & Strong, S. (2008). The positive aspects of being a lesbian or gay man. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(2), 210–217. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.2.210
  • Rohlin, S. M., & Greenhalgh-Stanley, N. (2014). The 2014 gay games: An economic impact study. Retrieved from http://www.gg9cle.com/_CE/pagecontent/Documents/Learn%20About%20The%20Games/Economic%20Impact%20Study%20for%20Gay%20Games%202014.pdf
  • Russell, P. (2001). The world gay travel market. Travel & Tourism Analyst, 2, 37–58.
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginners guide to structural equation modeling. New York: Routledge.
  • Severt, D., Wang, Y., Chen, P., & Breiter, D. (2007). Examining the motivation, perceived performance, and behavioral intentions of convention attendees: Evidence from a regional conference. Tourism Management, 28(2), 399–408. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.003
  • Southall, C., & Fallon, P. (2011). LGBT tourism. In P. Robinson, S. Heitmann, & P. Dieke (Eds.), Research themes for tourism. Cambridge, MA: CABI.
  • Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Identity and cultural tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 450–452. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80014-X
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In J. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.), Political psychology: Key readings. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Thomson, M., MacInnis, D. J., & Park, C. W. (2005). The ties that bind: Measuring the strength of consumers’ emotional attachments to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77–91. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1501_10
  • Van Winkle, C. M., Woosnam, K. M., & Mohammed, A. M. (2013). Sense of community and festival attendance. Event Management, 17(2), 155–163. doi:10.3727/152599513X13668224082468
  • Vorobjovas‐Pinta, O., & Hardy, A. (2015). The evolution of gay travel research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 409–416. doi:10.1002/jtr.2059
  • Waitt, G., & Markwell, K. (2006). Gay tourism: Culture and context. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
  • Waitt, G., & Stapel, C. (2011). ‘Fornicating on floats’? The cultural politics of the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade beyond the metropolis. Leisure Studies, 30(2), 197–216. doi:10.1080/02614367.2010.509445
  • White, K., & Argo, J. J. (2009). Social identity threat and consumer preferences. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3), 313–325. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.03.007
  • Woosnam, K. M., McElroy, K. E., & Van Winkle, C. M. (2009). The role of personal values in determining tourist motivations: An application to the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, a cultural special event. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(5), 500–511. doi:10.1080/19368620902950071
  • Yang, J., Gu, Y., & Cen, J. (2011). Festival tourists’ emotion, perceived value, and behavioral intentions: A test of the moderating effect of festivalscape. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 12(1), 25–44. doi:10.1080/15470148.2010.551292
  • Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F., & Bilim, Y. (2010). Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tourism Management, 31(2), 274–284. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.007
  • Zea, M. C., Reisen, C. A., & Poppen, P. J. (1999). Psychological well-being among Latino lesbians and gay men. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), 371–379. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.5.4.371
  • Zeppel, H. & Hall, C. M. (1992). Arts and heritage tourism. In B. Weiler & C. M. Hall (Eds.), Special Interest Tourism. London: Belhaven Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.