A qualitative pilot study exploring tourists’ pre- and post-trip perceptions on the destination image of Macau

References

• Baloglu, S. (1997). The relationship between destination images and sociodemographic and trip characteristics of international travellers. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3(3), 221–233.
   Google Scholar
• Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 11–15.
   Google Scholar
• Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Tourists’ characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis—A case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25, 623–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigne, J. E., Sanchez, M. I., & Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), 607–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T., Churchill, G. A., & Peter, J. P. (1993). Research note: More on improving service quality measurement. Journal of Retailing, 69(Spring), 127–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary, M. (2000). India’s image as a tourist destination: A perspective of foreign tourists. Tourism Management, 21(3), 293–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, E. I. M., & Wan, P. Y. K. (2008). Enhancing quality tourist experience in Macao World Heritage Site. Journal of Macao Studies, 45(4), 83–93.
   Google Scholar
• Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, B. H. (1998). Assessing tourist satisfaction: An exploratory study of Korean youth tourists in Australia. Tourism Recreation Research, 23(1), 47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Choe, Y., Kim, J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2017). Use of social media across the trip experience: An application of latent transition analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(4), 431–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism Management, 28(1), 118–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chon, K. S. (1989). Understanding recreational traveler’s motivation, attitude and satisfaction. The Tourist Review, 44(1), 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Chon, K. S. (1991). Tourism destination image modification process: Marketing implications. Tourism Management, 12(1), 68–72.
   Google Scholar
• Chon, K. S., & Olsen, M. D. (1991). Functional and symbolic congruity approaches to consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction in consumerism. Journal of the International Academy of Hospitality Research, 3, 2–25.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, I., & Murphy, P. (2011). Predicting intended and actual travel behaviors: An examination of Chinese outbound tourists to Australia. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 318–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dann, G. M. S. (1993). Advertising in tourism and travel. In M. Khan, M. Olsen, & T. Var (Eds.), Encyclopedia of hospitality and tourism (pp. 893–901). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, G. M. S. (1996). Tourists’ images of a destination: An alternative analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 5(1–2), 41–55.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, G. A. (2002). Using a retrospective pre-post questionnaire to determine program impact. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Columbus, Ohio. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01)
   Google Scholar
• Dearden, P., Bennett, M., & Rollins, R. (2007). Perceptions of diving impacts and implications for reef conservation. Coastal Management, 35(2–3), 305–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, S., & Hall, T. E. (2006). An examination of whitewater boaters’ expectations: Are pre-trip and post-trip measures consistent? Leisure Sciences, 28(1), 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DSEC. (2018). Visitor Arrivals. Retrieved from http://www.dsec.gov.mo/Statistic.aspx?NodeGuid=251baebb-6e5b-4452-8ad1-7768eafc99ed
   Google Scholar
• Du Cros, H. (2009). Emerging issues for cultural tourism in Macau. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 38(1), 73–99.
   Google Scholar
• Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10–16.
   Google Scholar
• Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ). (2018). Macao Gaming History. Retrieved from http://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/en/history/
   Google Scholar
• Gartner, W. (1993). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 191–215.
   Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures (Vol. 5019). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, D., & Abdullah, J. (2004). Holidaytaking and the sense of well-being. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 103–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, C. A. (1988). Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson, J. P. (1995). Macau: Gambling on its future? Tourism Management, 16(3), 237–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, G. S. (1980). Response-shift bias: A problem in evaluating interventions with pre/post self-reports. Evaluation Review, 4(1), 93–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. H. C., & Song, H. (2013). Destination image in travel magazines: A textual and pictorial analysis of Hong Kong and Macau. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(3), 253–268.
   Google Scholar
• Jani, D., & Hwang, Y. H. (2011). User-generated destination image through weblogs: A comparison of pre-and post-visit images. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 339–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, W. H., Du Cros, H., & Ong, C. E. (2015). Tourism destination image development: A lesson from Macau. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 1(4), 299–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two distinct destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. R., Cheng, C. K., Kim, H., & Petrick, J. F. (2008). A systematic comparison of first-time and repeat visitors via a two-phase online survey. Tourism Management, 29(2), 278–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvin, S. W., & Ling, S. N. S. (2001). The destination attribute management model: An empirical application to Bintan, Indonesia. Tourism Management, 22(5), 481–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2000). An exploration of cross-cultural destination image assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 417–423.
   Google Scholar
• Mak, A. H., Wong, K. K., & Chang, R. C. (2010). Factors affecting the service quality of the tour guiding profession in Macau. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(3), 205–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Santana, J. D., Beerli-Palacio, A., & Nazzareno, P. A. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of destination image gap. Annals of Tourism Research, 62, 13–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo, E., & Jarvis, L. (1981). The psychology of leisure travel. Boston: CBI.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, G. (2005). The impact of the 50th Macau Grand Prix on Macau’s destination image. International Journal of Event Management Research, 1(1), 46–64.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, G., Nadkarni, S., & Gartner, W. (2006). ‘Macao or Macau?’ A case of tourism brand image confusion among Taiwan travellers. Euro Asia Journal of Management, 16(2), 107–135.
   Google Scholar
• McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview (Vol. 13). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McGehee, N. G., & Santos, C. A. (2005). Social change, discourse and volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 760–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, A., & Westerbarkey, P. (1996). Measuring and managing hotel guest satisfaction. In M. D. Olsen, R. Teare, & E. Gummesson (Eds.), Service quality in hospitality organisations (pp. 185–203). London: Cassell.
   Google Scholar
• MGTO. (2017). Macao designated as UNESCO creative city of gastronomy. Retrieved from http://en.macaotourism.gov.mo/main/aboutus.php
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nyaupane, G. P., Teye, V., & Paris, C. (2008). Innocents abroad: Attitude change toward hosts. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 650–667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 460–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabel, A., & Prideaux, B. (2016). Social media use in pre-trip planning by tourists visiting a small regional leisure destination. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 22(4), 335–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou, D., & Gibson, H. (2008). Benefits sought and realized by active mountain sport tourists in Epirus, Greece: Pre-and post-trip analysis. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(1), 37–60.
   Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1994). Reassessment of expectations as a comparison standard in measuring service quality: Implications for further research. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 111–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. H., Lee, C. K., & Miller, J. C. (2015). A comparative study of the motivations, activities, overall satisfaction, and post-trip behaviors of international tourists in Macau: Mainland Chinese, Hongkongese, Taiwanese, and Westerners. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(10), 1174–1193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L. (2013). The social psychology of tourist behaviour. In M. Argyle (Ed.), International series in experimental social psychology (Vol. 3). UK: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., Jafari, J., & Milman, A. (1991). Influence of tourism on attitudes: US students visiting USSR. Tourism Management, 12(1), 47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., & Milman, A. (1993). Predicting satisfaction among first time visitors to a destination by using the expectancy disconfirmation theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 12(2), 197–209.
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., Uriely, N., & Reichel, A. (2000). The intensity of tourist–Host social relationship and its effects on satisfaction and change of attitudes: The case of working tourists in Israel. Tourism Management, 21(4), 395–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Can ecotourism interpretation really lead to pro-conservation knowledge, attitudes and behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(4), 467–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, C. C., McGuigan, W. M., & Katzev, A. R. (2000). Measuring program outcomes: Using retrospective pretest methodology. American Journal of Evaluation, 21(3), 341–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, C., & Rollins, R. B. (2009). Visitor perceptions of the role of tour guides in natural areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), 357–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, M. D. (1990). Free elicitation of descriptive adjectives for tourism image assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 28(4), 21–26.
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, F., & Ryan, C. (1991). Utilizing the SERVQUAL model: An analysis of service quality. The Service Industries Journal, 11(3), 324–345.
   Google Scholar
• Sanday, P. R. (1979). The ethnographic paradigm (s). Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 527–538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. W., Li, X., Pan, B., Witte, M., & Doherty, S. T. (2015). Tracking destination image across the trip experience with smartphone technology. Tourism Management, 48, 113–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, H., & Witt, S. F. (2006). Forecasting international tourist flows to Macau. Tourism Management, 27(2), 214–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong, T. H., & Foster, D. (2006). Using HOLSAT to evaluate tourist satisfaction at destinations: The case of Australian holidaymakers in Vietnam. Tourism Management, 27(5), 842–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, W. (2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizastional networks: Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996–1004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2005, July 15). Historic Centre of Macao. [Inscription document]. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1110
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., & Qu, H. (2006). A study of tourists’ satisfaction determinants in the context of the Pearl River Delta sub-regional destinations. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(3), 49–63.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Davidson, M. C. (2010). Pre-and post-trip perceptions: An insight into Chinese package holiday market to Australia. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 16(2), 111–123.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, K. (1997). The assessment of tourist satisfaction using the expectancy disconfirmation theory: A study of the German travel market in Australia. Pacific Tourism Review, 1(1), 35–45.
   Google Scholar
• Woodside, A. G., & King, R. I. (2001). An updated model of travel and tourism purchase-consumption systems. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 10(1), 3–27.
   Google Scholar
• Woodside, A. G., & Wilson, E. J. (1995). Applying the long interview in direct marketing research. Journal of Direct Marketing, 9(1), 37–55.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, C. (2008, February 1). Little Brother Grows Up. Macau: Macau Business.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, Y., Yilmaz, Y., İçigen, E. T., Ekin, Y., & Utku, B. D. (2009). Destination image: A comparative study on pre and post trip image variations. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(5), 461–479.
   Google Scholar
• Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2001). The expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm: A critique. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 25(2), 107–131.
   Google Scholar