1,086
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Cultivating and disseminating a festival image: the case of the Qingdao International Beer Festival

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 373-393 | Received 24 Jan 2022, Accepted 19 Jul 2022, Published online: 11 Aug 2022

References

  • Ahmad, A., Jamaludin, A., Zuraimi, N. S. M., & Valeri, M. (2021). Visit intention and destination image in post-Covid-19 crisis recovery. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(17), 2392–2397. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1842342
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  • Beach, L. R., & Mitchell, T. R. (1987). Image theory: Principles, goals, and plans in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 66(3), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(87)90034-5
  • Cabras, I., Lorusso, M., & Waehning, N. (2020). Measuring the economic contribution of beer festivals on local economies: The case of York, United Kingdom. International Journal of Tourism Research, 22(6), 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2369
  • Cai, G., Hong, Y., Xu, L., Gao, W., Wang, K., & Chi, X. (2021). An evaluation of green ryokans through a tourism Accommodation survey and customer-satisfaction-related CASBEE-IPA after COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010145
  • Casidy, R., & Wymer, W. (2016). A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 32, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.06.014
  • Chahal, H., & Devi, A. (2017). How perceived risk influences image and loyalty relationship in a tourist destination? an Indian perspective. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 5(2), 100–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLTM.2017.084618
  • Cheung, M. L., Leung, W. K., Cheah, J. H., Koay, K. Y., & Hsu, B. C. Y. (2021). Key tea beverage values driving tourists’ memorable experiences: An empirical study in Hong Kong-style café memorable experience. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(3), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-08-2020-0188
  • Chi, X., & Han, H. (2020). Exploring slow city attributes in Mainland China: Tourist perceptions and behavioral intentions toward Chinese Cittaslow. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(3), 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1758286
  • Chi, X., Lee, S. K., Ahn, Y. J., & Kiatkawsin, K. (2020). Tourist-perceived quality and loyalty intentions towards rural tourism in China. Sustainability, 12(9), 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093614
  • Chi, X., & Han, H. (2021a). Performance of tourism products in a slow city and formation of affection and loyalty: Yaxi Cittáslow visitors’ perceptions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1586–1612. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1860996
  • Chi, X., & Han, H. (2021b). Emerging rural tourism in China’s current tourism industry and tourist behaviors: The case of Anji County. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1862026
  • Chi, X., Cai, G., & Han, H. (2022). Festival travellers’ pro-social and protective behaviours against COVID-19 in the time of pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24, (22) , 3256–3270. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1970119
  • Chi, X., Han, H., & Kim, S. (2022). Protecting yourself and others: Festival tourists’ pro-social intentions for wearing a mask, maintaining social distancing, and practicing sanitary/hygiene actions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(8), 1915–1936. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1966017
  • Chirieleison, C., Montrone, A., & Scrucca, L. (2020). Event sustainability and sustainable transportation: A positive reciprocal influence. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(2), 240–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1607361
  • Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404
  • Dalgiç, A., & Birdir, K. (2020). Key success factors on loyalty of festival visitors: The mediating effect of festival experience and festival image. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2020.160103
  • Dann, G. M. S. (1996). Tourists’ images of a destination-an alternative analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 5(1–2), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v05n01_04
  • Fakfare, P., Lee, J. S., & Ryu, K. (2020). Examining honeymoon tourist behavior: Multidimensional quality, fantasy, and destination relational value. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(7), 836–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1835786
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500207
  • Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Olya, H. G., & Kim, W. (2019). Exploring halal-friendly destination attributes in South Korea: Perceptions and behaviors of Muslim travelers toward a non-Muslim destination. Tourism Management, 71, 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.010
  • Hernández-Mogollón, J. M., Duarte, P. A., & Folgado-Fernández, J. A. (2018). The contribution of cultural events to the formation of the cognitive and affective images of a tourist destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.03.004
  • Hew, J. J., Leong, L. Y., Tan, G. W. H., Lee, V. H., & Ooi, K. B. (2018). Mobile social tourism shopping: A dual-stage analysis of a multi-mediation model. Tourism Management, 66, 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.005
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
  • Jepson, A., Stadler, R., & Spencer, N. (2019). Making positive family memories together and improving quality-of-life through thick sociality and bonding at local community festivals and events. Tourism Management, 75, 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.05.001
  • Kim, S., Lee, Y. K., & Lee, C. K. (2017). The moderating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival quality and behavioral intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1176060
  • Kim, J., Park, J., Kim, S., Lee, D. C., & Sigala, M. (2021). COVID-19 restrictions and variety seeking in travel choices and actions: The moderating effects of previous experience and crowding. Journal of Travel Research, 00472875211037744.
  • Li, C. J., & Lin, S. Y. (2016). The service satisfaction of jazz festivals in structural equation modeling under conditions of value and loyalty. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 17(4), 266–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2015.1133360
  • Li, X., & Wan, Y. K. P. (2017). Residents’ support for festivals: Integration of emotional solidarity. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1224889
  • Li, J., Dai, G., Tang, J., & Chen, Y. (2020). Conceptualizing festival attractiveness and its impact on festival hosting destination loyalty: A mixed method approach. Sustainability, 12(8), 3082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083082
  • Liang, H., Saraf, N., Hu, Q., & Xue, Y. (2007). Assimilation of enterprise systems: The effect of institutional pressures and the mediating role of top management. MIS Quarterly, 31(1), 59–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148781
  • Lim, J., Lo, M. C., Mohamad, A. A., Chin, C. H., & Ramayah, T. (2017). The moderating impact of community support on tri-dimensional impacts of tourism (economic, socio-cultural, & environmental) towards rural tourism competitive advantage. International Journal of Business & Society, 18(4), 869–880.
  • Lo, M. C., Mohamad, A. A., Chin, C. H., & Ramayah, T. (2017). The impact of natural resources, cultural heritage, and special events on tourism destination competitiveness: The moderating role of community support. International Journal of Business & Society, 18(4), 763–774.
  • Lo, M. C., Chin, C. H., & Law, F. Y. (2019). Tourists’ perspectives on hard and soft services toward rural tourism destination competitiveness: Community support as a moderator. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358417715677
  • Loureiro, S. M. C., & Jesus, S. (2019). How perceived risk and animosity towards a destination may influence destination image and intention to revisit: The case of Rio de Janeiro. Anatolia, 30(4), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2019.1632910
  • Meyerding, S. G., Bauchrowitz, A., & Lehberger, M. (2019). Consumer preferences for beer attributes in Germany: A conjoint and latent class approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.12.001
  • Moon, H., Lho, H., & Han, H. (2021). Self-check-in Kisok quality and airline non-contact service maximization: How to win air traveler satisfaction and loyalty in the post-pandemic world? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 38(4), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1921096
  • Nugroho, P., & Numata, S. (2020). Resident support of community-based tourism development: Evidence from Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1755675
  • Nunally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. McGraw-Hill.
  • Parayitam, S., Kakumani, L., & Muddangala, N. B. (2020). Perceived risk as a moderator in the relationship between perception of celebrity endorsement and buying behavior: Evidence from rural consumers of India. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 28(4), 521–540.
  • Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 586–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90029-Q
  • Pirnar, I., Kurtural, S., & Tutuncuoglu, M. (2019). Festivals and destination marketing: An application from Izmir City. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 9–14 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2640987.
  • Qingdao Municipal Culture and Tourism Administration. (2021). Qingdao International Beer Festival. http://qdrf.qingdao.gov.cn/n24298608/n24300260/n24300390/141117151934883c646.html
  • Qu, M., & Cheer, J. M. (2021). Community art festivals and sustainable rural revitalisation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(11–12), 1756–1775. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1856858
  • Ryu, K., Roy, P. A., Kim, H. A., & Ryu, H. (2020). The resident participation in endogenous rural tourism projects: A case study of Kumbalangi in Kerala, India. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1687389
  • Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Slabbert, E., & Martin, S. (2017). Aspects influencing the cognitive, affective and conative images of an arts festival. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(2), 1–16. http://www.ajhtl.com.
  • Sul, H. K., Chi, X., & Han, H. (2020). Measurement development for tourism destination business environment and competitive advantages. Sustainability, 12(20), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208587
  • Tavitiyaman, P., & Qu, H. (2013). Destination image and behavior intention of travelers to Thailand: The moderating effect of perceived risk. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(3), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.774911
  • Ullah, I., Singh, H., & Mansor, N. N. A. (2022). Impact of perception of local community and destination image on intention to visit destination; moderating role of local community attitude. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(5), 2006–2019. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i5/13885
  • Woosnam, K. M., Stylidis, D., & Ivkov, M. (2020). Explaining conative destination image through cognitive and affective destination image and emotional solidarity with residents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 917–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1708920
  • Woosnam, K. M., Russell, Z., Ribeiro, M. A., Denley, T. J., Rojas, C., Hadjidakis, E., Barr, J., & Mower, J. (2022). Residents’ pro-tourism behaviour in a time of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(8), 1858–1877. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1985128
  • Yang, J., Luo, J. M., & Yao, R. (2022). How fear of COVID-19 affects the behavioral intention of festival participants—A case of the HANFU Festival. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042133
  • Yoopetch, C. (2022). Sustainable cultural tourism and community development: The perspectives of residents’ and the application of social exchange theory. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 24, 3–22.
  • Yu, J., Moon, H., Chua, B., & Han, H. (2022). Hotel data privacy: Strategies to reduce customers’ emotional violations, privacy concerns, and switching intention. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 39(2), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2022.2061673
  • Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., Prayag, G., & Surovaya, E. (2021). Around the world in less than a day: Virtual reality, destination image and perceived destination choice risk in family tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1788351
  • Zhang, Z. D. (2021). The total exposure of the 31st Qingdao International Beer Festival exceeds 2 billion times. Dazhong Daily. https://dzrb.dzng.com/articleContent/705_897367.html
  • Zhu, P., Chi, X., Ryu, H. B., Ariza-Montes, A., & Han, H. (2022). Traveler Pro-social Behaviors at Heritage Tourism Sites. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 901530.
  • Zuo, B., Gursoy, D., & Wall, G. (2017). Residents’ support for red tourism in China: The moderating effect of central government. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.001

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.