Comorbid Psychiatric Diagnoses and Their Association with Cocaine-Induced Psychosis in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects

REFERENCES

• Robins LN, Regier DA. Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Edlund MJ, Frank RG, Leaf PJ. The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1996;66:17–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony JC, Helzer JE. Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press; 1991:116–154.
   Google Scholar
• Stinson FS, Grant BF, Dawson DA, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Saha T. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80:105–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins KE, Hunter SB, Wenzel SL, , et al. Prevalence and characteristics of clients with co-occurring disorders in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2004;30:749–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND. The reality of comorbidity: depression and drug abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:714–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolese HC, Malchy L, Negrete JC, Tempier R, Gill K. Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: levels and consequences. Schizophr Res. 2004;67:157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND. Drug abuse and mental illness: progress in understanding comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1181–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Meyer JM, , et al. Co-occurrence of abuse of different drugs in men: the role of drug-specific and shared vulnerabilities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:967–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Stevens DE, Fenton B, , et al. Co-morbidity and familial aggregation of alcoholism and anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 1998;28:773–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Prescott CA, Myers J, Neale MC. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:929–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Bryant KJ. Alcoholism in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers: clinical and prognostic significance. J Stud Alcohol. 1993;54:199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilbey MM, Breslau N, Andreski P. Cocaine use and dependence in young adults: associated psychiatric disorders and personality traits. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1992;29:283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman PH, Miller AB, Millman RB, , et al. Psychopathology among cocaine abusers entering treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990;178:442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. Contrast of treatment-seeking and untreated cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:464–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin FR, Evans SM, Kleber HD. Prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among cocaine abusers seeking treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998;52:15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziedonis DM, Rayford BS, Bryant KJ, Rounsaville BJ. Psychiatric comorbidity in white and African-American cocaine addicts seeking substance abuse treatment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1994;45:43–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Compton WM III, Cottler LB, Jacobs JL, Ben-Abdallah A, Spitznagel EL. The role of psychiatric disorders in predicting drug dependence treatment outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:890–895.
   Google Scholar
• Satel SL, Southwick SM, Gawin FH. Clinical features of cocaine-induced paranoia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:495–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady KT, Lydiard RB, Malcolm R, Ballenger JC. Cocaine-induced psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52:509–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cubells JF, Feinn R, Pearson D, , et al. Rating the severity and character of transient cocaine-induced delusions and hallucinations with a new instrument, the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms for Cocaine-Induced Psychosis (SAPS-CIP). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satel SL, Edell WS. Cocaine-induced paranoia and psychosis proneness. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1708–1711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Satel S, Apter A. Personality disorders and associated features in cocaine-dependent inpatients. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierucci-Lagha A, Gelernter J, Feinn R, , et al. Diagnostic reliability of the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80:303–312.
   Google Scholar
• Beckson J. Limitations of the application of the four-fold table analyses to hospital data. Biometrics. 1946;2:47–53.
   Google Scholar
• Razzouk D, Bordin IA, Jorge MR. Comorbidity and global functioning (DSM-III-R Axis V) in a Brazilian sample of cocaine users. Subst Use Misuse. 2000;35:1307–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck RS, Wang J, Siegal HA, Carlson RG. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among a community sample of crack cocaine users: an exploratory study with practical implications. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192:503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini AJ, Miller NS, Loiselle RH, Turner CE. Cocaine-associated violence and relationship to route of administration. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1993;10:67–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller NS, Gold MS, Mahler JC. Violent behaviors associated with cocaine use: possible pharmacological mechanisms. International Journal of Addiction. 1991;26:1077–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss RD, Mirin SM. Subtypes of cocaine abusers. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1986;9:491–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Compr Psychiatry. 1993;34:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens TE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: the nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004;27:283–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction. 2001;96:103–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins TW. ADHD and addiction. Nat Med. 2002;8:24–25.
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Spencer T, Faraone SV. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin FR, Evans SM, Vosburg SK, Horton T, Brooks D, Ng J. Impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other psychopathology on treatment retention among cocaine abusers in a therapeutic community. Addict Behav. 2004;29:1875–1882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlezon WA Jr., Konradi C. Understanding the neurobiological consequences of early exposure to psychotropic drugs: linking behavior with molecules. Neuropharmacology. 2004; 47 Suppl. 1:47–60.
   Google Scholar
• Neumaier JF, Vincow ES, Arvanitogiannis A, Wise RA, Carlezon WA Jr. Elevated expression of 5-HT1B receptors in nucleus accumbens efferents sensitizes animals to cocaine. J Neurosci. 2002;22:10856–10863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalivas PW, Sorg BA, Hooks MS. The pharmacology and neural circuitry of sensitization to psychostimulants. Behav Pharmacol. 1993;4:315–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalivas PW, Pierce RC, Cornish J, Sorg BA. A role for sensitization in craving and relapse in cocaine addiction. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12:49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lett BT. Repeated exposures intensify rather than diminish the rewarding effects of amphetamine, morphine, and cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1989;98:357–362.
   Google Scholar
• Piazza PV, Deminiere JM, Le Moal M, Simon H. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science. 1989;245:1511–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horger BA, Shelton K, Schenk S. Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1990;37:707–711.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonate PL, Swann A, Silverman PB. Context-dependent cross-sensitization between cocaine and amphetamine. Life Sci. 1997;60:PL1–PL7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlezon WA Jr, Mague SD, Andersen SL. Enduring behavioral effects of early exposure to methylphenidate in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:1330–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon CL, Marinelli M, Baker LK, White FJ. Enhanced reactivity and vulnerability to cocaine following methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25:651–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen WJ, Andersen KH, West JR. Alcohol-induced brain growth restrictions (microencephaly) were not affected by concurrent exposure to cocaine during the brain growth spurt. Teratology. 1994;50:250–255.
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Mick E, , et al. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychol Med. 2006;36:167–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGough JJ, Smalley SL, McCracken JT, , et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings from multiplex families. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1621–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toomey R, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, , et al. A twin study of the neuropsychological consequences of stimulant abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:303–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandstra ES, Morrow CE, Anthony JC, , et al. Intrauterine growth of full-term infants: impact of prenatal cocaine exposure. Pediatrics. 2001;108:1309–1319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Satel SL, Rao PA. Genetic association between dopamine transporter protein alleles and cocaine-induced paranoia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994;11:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook EH Jr, Stein MA, Krasowski MD, , et al. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;56:993–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes KJ, Mill J, Guindalini C, , et al. A common haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and interacting with maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr CL, Xu C, Kroft J, , et al. Haplotype study of three polymorphisms at the dopamine transporter locus confirm linkage to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall JC, Sherman MF, Bigelow GE. Psychiatric symptoms in polysubstance abusers: relationship to race, sex, and age. Addict Behav. 1995;20:685–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD. Ethnic and gender differences among opiate addicts. International Journal of Addiction. 1985;20:1143–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutker PB, Archer RP, Allain AN. Psychopathology of drug abusers: sex and ethnic considerations. International Journal Addiction. 1980;15:605–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar