Correlates of Substance Use Among Homeless Youths in Eight Cities

REFERENCES

• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Administration for Children and Families Fact Sheets, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/ news/facts/youth.htm Administration for Children and Families Web site. 2000. Available at (accessed May 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Hyde J. From home to street: Understanding young people's transitions into homelessness. J Adolesc. 2005; 28: 171–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rew L, Taylor-Seehafer M, Thomas N Y, Yockey R D. Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2001; 33: 33–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt M, Robertson M J. Life-styles, adaptive strategies, and sexual behaviors of homeless adolescents. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1993; 44: 1177–1180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallett S, Rosenthal D, Keys D. Young people, drug use and family conflict: pathways into homelessness. J Adolesc. 2005; 28: 185–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates G L, MacKenzie R, Pennbridge J, Cohen E. A risk profile comparison of runaway and non-runaway youth. Am J Public Health. 1988; 78: 820–821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kral A H, Molnar B E, Booth R E, Watters J K. Prevalence of sexual risk behaviour and substance use among runaway and homeless adolescents in San Francisco, Denver and New York City. Int J STD AIDS. 1997; 8: 109–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clatts M C, Goldsamt L, Yi H, Gwadz M V. Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York City: a preliminary epidemiological trajectory. J Adolesc. 2005; 28: 201–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipke M D, Montgomery S, MacKenzie R G. Substance use among youth seen at a community-based health clinic. J Adolesc Health. 1993; 14: 289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene J M, Ennett S T, Ringwalt C L. Substance use among runaway and homeless youth in three national samples. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87: 229–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson S J. Risk/protective factors associated with substance use among runaway/homeless youth utilizing emergency shelter services nationwide. Subst Abus. 2004; 25: 13–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey S L, Camlin C S, Ennett S T. Substance use and risky sexual behavior among homeless and runaway youth. J Adolesc Health. 1998; 23: 378–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousman C A, Blumberg E J, Shillington A M, et al. Predictors of substance use among homeless youth in San Diego. Addict Behav. 2005; 30: 1100–1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson L D, O'Malley P M, Bachman J G, Schulenberg J E. Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2005, volume II: college students and adults ages 19–45, http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/vol2_2005.pdf NIH publication 06-5884. Monitoring the Future Web site. 2006. Available at (accessed July 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M D, Montgomery S B, Simon T R, Iverson E F. “Substance abuse” disorders among runaway and homeless youth. Subst Use Misuse. 1997; 32: 969–986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. 1980
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Baer J S, Ginzler J A, Peterson P L. DSM-IV alcohol and substance abuse and dependence in homeless youth. J Stud Alcohol. 2003; 64: 5–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martijn C, Sharpe L. Pathways to youth homelessness. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 62: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert E Y, Caces M F. Correlates of drug abuse among homeless and transient people in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area in 1991. Public Health Rep. 1995; 110: 455–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMorris B J, Tyler K A, Whitbeck L B, Hoyt D R. Familial and “on-the-street” risk factors associated with alcohol use among homeless and runaway adolescents. J Stud Alcohol. 2002; 63: 34–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen J M, Hopfer C, Hooks S, White R, Petersen J, Pirkopf J. A snapshot of substance abuse among homeless and runaway youth in Denver, Colorado. J Community Health. 2004; 29: 217–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitbeck L B, Hoyt D R. Nowhere to Grow: Homeless and Runaway Adolescents and Their Families. Hawthorne, New York 1999
   Google Scholar
• National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies Web site. 2006, http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm Available at
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). SPSS for Windows, Rel. 15.0.1. SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois 2007
   Google Scholar
• Robins L N, Wing J, Witchen H U, et al. The composite international diagnostic interview: an epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988; 45: 1069–1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitbeck L B, Johnson K D, Hoyt D R, Cauce A M. Mental disorder and comorbidity among runaway and homeless adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2004; 35: 132–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger J B, Kipke M D, Simon T R, Montgomery S B, Johnson C J. Homeless youths and young adults in Los Angeles: prevalence of mental health problems and the relationship between mental health and substance abuse disorders. Am J Community Psychol. 1997; 25: 371–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/yrbss/ Youth risk behavior surveillance system (YRBSS), youth online: comprehensive results. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Web site. 2007. Available at (accessed July 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Johnson L D, O'Malley P M, Bachman J G, Schulenberg J E. Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: overview of key findings. 2006, http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/overview2006.pdf NIH Publication 07-6202. Monitoring the Future Web site. 2007. Available at (accessed July 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Ellickson P L, Morton S C. Identifying adolescents at risk for hard drug use: racial/ethnic variations. J Adolesc Health. 1999; 25: 382–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen J M, Boyle S, Salomonsen-Sautel S, et al. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual homeless youth: an eight-city public health perspective. Child Welfare. 2006; 85: 151–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran B N, Stewart A J, Ginzler J A, Cauce A M. Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92: 773–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noell J W, Ochs L M. Relationship of sexual orientation to substance use, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other factors in a population of homeless adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2001; 29: 31–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran S D, Ackerman D, Mays V M, Ross M W. Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the U.S. population. Addiction. 2004; 99: 989–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran B N, Cauce A M. Characteristics of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals entering substance abuse treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006; 30: 135–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needle R, McCubbin H, Lorence J, Hochhauser M. Reliability and validity of adolescent self-reported drug use in a family-based study: a methodological report. Int J Addict. 1983; 18: 901–912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langendam M W, van Haastrecht H J, van Ameijden E J. The validity of drug users' self-reports in a non-treatment setting: prevalence and predictors of incorrect reporting methadone treatment modalities. Int J Epidemiol. 1999; 28: 514–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percy A, McAlister S, Higgins K, McCrystal P, Thornton M. Response consistency in young adolescents' drug use self-reports: a recanting rate analysis. Addiction. 2005; 100: 189–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson T, Fendrich M. Modeling sources of self-report bias in a survey of drug use epidemiology. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15: 381–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod J, Hickman M, Smith G D. Reporting bias and self-reported drug use. Addiction. 2005; 100: 562–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor-Seehafer M A. Positive youth development: reducing the health risks of homeless youth. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2004; 29: 36–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar