Factors Affecting Hospital Length of Stay: Is Substance Use Disorder One of Them? A Study in a Greek Public Psychiatric Hospital

REFERENCES

• Kessler R, McGonagle K, Zhan S, et al. Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of DSM-III R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 8–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin D S, Stinson F S, Ogburn E, Grant B F. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 830–842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey M, Carey K, Meisler A. Psychiatric symptoms in mentally ill chemical abusers. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179: 136–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels S, Drake R, McHugo G. Alcohol abuse, depression, and suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 394–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffel B, Shumway M, Chouljian T, McDonald T. A longitudinal study of substance use and community violence in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182: 704–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caton C, Shrout P, Eagle P, Opler L, Felix A, Dominguez B. Risk factors for homelessness among schizophrenic men: A case- control study. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 265–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels S, Teague G, Drake R, Clark R, Bush P, Noordsy D. Substance abuse in schizophrenia: Service utilization and costs. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181: 227–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey B, Azeni H. Persons with dual diagnosis of substance abuse and major mental illness. Their excess costs of psychiatric care. Am J Public Health 1996; 86: 973–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivlahan D, Heiman J, Wright R, Mundt J, Shupe J. Treatment cost and rehospitalization rate in schizophrenic outpatients with a history of substance abuse. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1991; 42: 609–614
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark R. Family costs associated with severe mental illness and substance use. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1994; 45: 808–813
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abram K, Teplin L. Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees. Am Psychol 1991; 46: 1036–1045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier D A, Farmer M E, Rae D S, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA 1990; 264: 2511–2518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser K, Bennett M, Kushner M. Epidemiology of substance use disorders among persons with chronic mental illness. Double Jeopardy: Chronic Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder, T Lehman, L Dixon. Harwood Academic Publishers, ChurSwitzerland 1995; 9–15
   Google Scholar
• Dorwart R, Epstein S. Issues in psychiatric hospital care. Curr Opin Psychiatry 1991; 4: 789–793
   Google Scholar
• Hughes D. Trends and treatment models in emergency psychiatry. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1993; 44: 927–930
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prochaska J J, Gill P, Hall S E, Hall S M. Identification and treatment of substance misuse on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Psychiatr Serv 2005; 56: 347–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth J, Vandewater S, Kamal M, Broksky A, Gamal R, Miller M. Missed diagnosis of substance abuse in psychiatric patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 4: 297–299
   Google Scholar
• Drake R, Osher F, Noordsy D, Hurlbut S, Teague G. Diagnosis of alcohol use disorders in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 57–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgely M, Goldman H, Willenbring M. Barriers to the care of persons with dual diagnoses: Organizational and financing issues. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 123–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowbray C T, Ribisl K M, Solomon M, Luke D A, Kewson T P. Characteristics of dual diagnosis patients admitted to an urban public psychiatric hospital: An examination of individual, social and community domains. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1997; 23: 309–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons J S, McGovern M P. Use of mental health services by dually-diagnosed patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 1067–1069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueser K T, Yarnold P R, Levinson D F, et al. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 31–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyka M, Albus M, Kathmann N, et al. Prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in schizophrenic inpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 242: 362–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beresford T P, Blow F C, Hill E, Singer K, Lucey M R. Comparison of CAGE questionnaire and computer-assisted laboratory profiles in screening for covert alcoholism. Lancet 1990; 336: 482–485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift R, Mueller T. Comorbidity of anxiety disorders in substance abuse. Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled, J R Hubbard, P R Martin. Marcel Dekker, New York 2001; 11–30
   Google Scholar
• Appleby L, Dyson V, Altman E, Luchins D J. Assessing substance use in multiproblem patients: Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index in a mental hospital population. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997; 185: 159–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan A T, Kushner H, Metzger D, et al. The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992; 9: 199–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan A T, Luborsky L, O'Brien C P. Alcohol and drug abuse treatment in three different populations: Is there improvement and is it predictable?. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1986; 12: 101–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady K, Lydiard B. Affective disorder and substance abuse. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12(1, Suppl.)17S–22S
   Google Scholar
• Rice D, Kelman S, Miller L, Dunmeyer S. The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness. Institute for Health and Aging, San Francisco 1990
   Google Scholar
• Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA). The Cost of Substance Abuse to America's Health Care System: Report 1. Medicaid Hospital Costs. Columbia University, New York 1993
   Google Scholar
• Kashner M, Rader L, Rodell D, Beck C, Rodell L, Muller K. Family characteristics, substance abuse, hospitalization patterns, of patients with schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1991; 42: 195–197
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hornbrook M, Goldfarb M. Patterns of obstetrical care in hospitals. Med Care 1982; 19: 55–67
   Google Scholar
• Kelleher C. Relationship of physician ratings of severity of illness and difficulty of clinical management to length of stay. Health Serv Res 1993; 27: 841–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalon M, Richman A. Factors affecting length of stay in a psychiatric intensive care unit. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1990; 12: 303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley C, Zarkin G. Inpatient stays for patients diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Health Serv Res 1996; 31: 387–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intrator J, Allan E, Palmer M. Decision tree for the management of substance-abusing psychiatric patients. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992; 9: 215–220
   Google Scholar
• Stanislav S, Sommi R, Watson W. A longitudinal analysis of factors associated with morbidity in cocaine abusers with psychiatric illness. Pharmacotherapy 1992; 12: 114–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark R, Teague G, Ricketts S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of assertive community treatment versus standard case management for persons with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Health Serv Res 1998; 33: 1285–1308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar