Prevalence and Correlates of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in Lebanon: Results from the Lebanese Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol (LESA)

REFERENCES

• Room R, Babor T, Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet 2005; 365:519–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room R, Jernigan DH, Carlini-Marlatt B, et al. Alcohol and the developing world: a public health perspective. Helsinki: Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies in collaboration with World Health Organization, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th revision. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:830–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2004; (420):21–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrews G, Henderson S, Hall W. Prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service utilisation. Overview of the Australian National Mental Health Survey. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:145–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates ME, Bowden SC, Barry D. Neurocognitive impairment associated with alcohol use disorders: implications for treatment. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 10:193–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijl RV, Ravelli A, van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998; 33:587–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caetano R, Nelson S, Cunradi C. Intimate partner violence, dependence symptoms and social consequences from drinking among white, black and Hispanic couples in the United States. Am J Addict 2001; 10(Suppl):60–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton WM, Thomas YF, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:566–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in the United States: results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Stud Alcohol 1997; 58:464–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood HJ, Fountain D, Livermore G. The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States, 1992. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Hingson RW, Heeren T, Jamanka A, Howland J. Age of drinking onset and unintentional injury involvement after drinking. JAMA 2000; 284:1527–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer V. A Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1091–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC. Children of alcoholic parents–observed anomalies: discussion of 127 cases. Ther Drug Monit 2003; 25:132–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parna K, Rahu K, Helakorpi S, Tekkel M. Alcohol consumption in Estonia and Finland: Finbalt survey 1994-2006. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunzerath L, Hewitt BG, Li TK, Warren KR. Alcohol research: past, present, and future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1216:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. General Accounting Office. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: planning for program changes and future workforce needs is incomplete: GAO-04-683. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kawakami N, Shimizu H, Haratani T, Iwata N, Kitamura T. Lifetime and 6-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in an urban community in Japan. Psychiatry Res 2004; 121:293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente B, Kohn R, Rioseco P, Saldivia S, Baker C, Torres S. Population prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chile: 6-month and 1-month rates. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Pickering RP. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74:223–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA 1990; 264:2511–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Myers JK, Kramer M, et al. The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:934–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:617–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Chiu WT, et al. The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): design and field procedures. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004; 13:69–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:593–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Merikangas KR. The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): background and aims. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004; 13:60–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC. The global burden of anxiety and mood disorders: putting the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) findings into perspective. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68(Suppl 2):10–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam EG, Mneimneh ZN, Karam AN, et al. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in Lebanon: a national epidemiological survey. Lancet 2006; 367:1000–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Kaelber CT, Rae DS, et al. Limitations of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders. Implications for research and policy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:109–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel WW. Biostatistics, a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption–II. Addiction 1993; 88:791–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Allen JP, Reinert DF, Volk RJ. The alcohol use disorders identification test: an aid to recognition of alcohol problems in primary care patients. Prev Med 2001; 33:428–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinert DF, Allen JP. The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): a review of recent research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002; 26:272–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinert DF, Allen JP. The alcohol use disorders identification test: an update of research findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:185–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlMarri TS, Oei TP, Amir T. Validation of the alcohol use identification test in a prison sample living in the Arabian Gulf region. Subst Use Misuse 2009; 44:2001–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 20):22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan DV, Sheehan KH, Shytle RD, et al. Reliability and validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children and adolescents (MINI-KID). J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71:313–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canuso CM, Kosik-Gonzalez C, Sheehan J, Mao L, Kalali AH. Frequency of schizoaffective disorder in an International patient population with psychotic disorders using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Schizophr Res 2010; 118:305–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mordal J, Gundersen O, Bramness JG. Norwegian version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview: feasibility, acceptability and test-retest reliability in an acute psychiatric ward. Eur Psychiatry 2010; 25:172–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Azevedo Marques JM, Zuardi AW. Validity and applicability of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview administered by family medicine residents in primary health care in Brazil. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008; 30:303–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsubo T, Tanaka K, Koda R, et al. Reliability and validity of Japanese version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59:517–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi A, Alberio R, Porta A, Sandri M, Tansella M, Amaddeo F. The reliability of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview–Italian version. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24:561–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadri N, Agoub M, El Gnaoui S, Alami KhM, Hergueta T, Moussaoui D. Moroccan colloquial Arabic version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): qualitative and quantitative validation. Eur Psychiatry 2005; 20:193–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF. We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us: psychiatric epidemiology and the alcohol dependence syndrome concept. Addiction 2007; 102:1534–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Del Boca FK, McRee B. Estimating measurement error in alcohol dependence symptomatology: findings from a multisite study. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997; 45:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannell CF, Marquis KH, Laurent A. A summary of studies of interviewing methodology. Vital Health Stat 2 1977; (69):i–viii, 1–78.
   Google Scholar
• Holmila M, Raitasalo K. Gender differences in drinking: why do they still exist? Addiction 2005; 100:1763–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button TM, Hewitt JK, Rhee SH, Corley RP, Stallings MC. The moderating effect of religiosity on the genetic variance of problem alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:1619–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick DM, Bierut LJ. The genetics of alcohol dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006; 8:151–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardie TL, Moss HB, Lynch KG. Sex differences in the heritability of alcohol problems. Am J Addict 2008; 17:319–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu IC, Blacker DL, Xu R, Fitzmaurice G, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT. Genetic and environmental contributions to the development of alcohol dependence in male twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott CA, Caldwell CB, Carey G, Vogler GP, Trumbetta SL, Gottesman, II. The Washington University twin study of alcoholism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 134:48–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott CA, Sullivan PF, Kuo PH, et al. Genomewide linkage study in the Irish affected sib pair study of alcohol dependence: evidence for a susceptibility region for symptoms of alcohol dependence on chromosome 4. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:603–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor CE, Lynskey MT, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Martin NG, Heath AC. Timing of first alcohol use and alcohol dependence: evidence of common genetic influences. Addiction 2009; 104:1512–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacey D, Clarke TK, Schumann G. The genetics of alcoholism. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2009; 11:364–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strat YL, Ramoz N, Schumann G, Gorwood P. Molecular genetics of alcohol dependence and related endophenotypes. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:444–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger JB, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Pang Z, et al. Heritability of smoking, alcohol use, and psychological characteristics among adolescent twins in Qingdao, China. Asia Pac J Public Health 2011; 23(4):568–80.
   Google Scholar
• Ystrom E, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Aggen SH, Kendler KS. Alcohol dependence in men: reliability and heritability. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1716–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grucza RA, Bierut LJ. Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking: update on findings from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Alcohol Res Health 2006; 29:172–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allgulander C. Psychoactive drug use in a general population sample, Sweden: correlates with perceived health, psychiatric diagnoses, and mortality in an automated record-linkage study. Am J Public Health 1989; 79:1006–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Anthony JC, Tepper S, Dryman A. Psychopathology and attrition in the epidemiologic catchment area surveys. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:1051–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Little RJ, Groves RM. Advances in strategies for minimizing and adjusting for survey nonresponse. Epidemiol Rev 1995; 17:192–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room R. Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2005; 24:143–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp AH, Gelder MG, Rix S, Meltzer HI, Rowlands OJ. Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177:4–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar