3,678
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Harm Reduction: Front Line Public Health

, MD, , MIPH, , MGA & , PhD

REFERENCES

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2012 national survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA), 2013; 13–4795.
  • Public Health. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story076/en/. (accessed November 19, 2014).
  • Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, June 19–22, 1946; signed on July 22, 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on April 7, 1948.
  • Hulse GK, English DR, Milne E, Holman CDJ. The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction 1999; 94(2):221–9.
  • Randall D, Degenhardt L, Vajdic CM, et al. Increasing cancer mortality among opioid‐dependent persons in Australia: a new public health challenge for a disadvantaged population. Australian and New Zealand J Public Health 2011; 35(3):220–5.
  • Jones CM, Mack KA, Paulozzi LJ. Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, United States, 2010. JAMA 2013; 309(7):657–9.
  • Onofrey S, Church D, Kludt P, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among adolescents and young adults: Massachusetts, 2002–2009. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2011; 60:537–41.
  • Havens JR, Lofwall MR, Frost SD, Oser CB, Leukefeld CG, Crosby RA. Individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C infection among rural Appalachian injection drug users. Amer J Public Health 2013; 103(1):e44–52.
  • Vlahov D, Wang C-l, Galai N, et al. Mortality risk among new onset injection drug users. Addiction 2004; 99(8):946–54.
  • Randall D, Degenhardt L, Vajdic CM, et al. Increasing cancer mortality among opioid‐dependent persons in Australia: a new public health challenge for a disadvantaged population. Australian and New Zealand J Public Health 2011; 35(3):220–5.
  • Principles of Harm Reduction. New York City, NY: Harm Reduction Coalition. http://harmreduction.org/about-us/principles-of-harm-reduction/ (accessed September 26, 2014).
  • Palmateer N, Kimber J, Hickman M, Hutchinson S, Rhodes T, Goldberg D. Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews. Addiction 2010; 105(5):844–59.
  • White B, Dore G, Lloyd A, Rawlinson W, Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. The Med J Australia 2014; 201(6):326–9.
  • Science addressing drugs and HIV: state of the art. Vienna, AU: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Scientific Consultation, 2014.
  • Andresen MA, Boyd N. A cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of Vancouver's supervised injection facility. Internat J Drug Policy 2010; 21(1):70–6.
  • World Health Organization. Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users (Evidence for action technical papers), 2004.
  • World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Policy brief: reduction of HIV transmission in prisons (evidence for action on HIV/AIDS and injecting drug use), 2004.
  • Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, et al. Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990–2001. AIDS 2005; 19:S20–S5.
  • Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, et al. HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1990 to 2002: use of serologic test algorithm to assess expansion of HIV prevention services. Amer J Public Health 2005; 95(8):1439–44.
  • Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, et al. Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990–2001. AIDS 2005; 19:S20–S25.
  • Gonzalez C, Tsui D, Candelas A, et al. A five year trend analysis of emergency department and inpatient diagnoses of endovascular, soft tissue, bone, and pneumonia for intravenous drug users between 2008 and 2012. Poster exhibition presented at: 20th International AIDS Conference, July 20–25, 2014; Melbourne, Australia.
  • Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Ringer M, Friedman SR. Syringe exchange, injecting, and intranasal drug use. Addiction 2010; 105(1):155–8.
  • Frank B. An overview of heroin trends in New York City: past, present, and future. The Mount Sinai J Med, New York 1999; 67(5–6):340–6.
  • Strathdee SA, Celentano DD, Shah MN, et al. Needle-exchange attendance and health care utilization promote entry into detoxification. J Urban Health 1999; 76(4):448–60.
  • LawAtlas: The policy surveillance portal. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://lawatlas.org/topics#.U17l8-fldW3p (accessed September 26, 2014).
  • Bramson H, Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, Nugent A, Guardino V, Feelemyer J, Hodel D. A review of state laws, syringe exchange and HIV among persons who inject drugs in the United States: history and effectiveness. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. In press.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Syringe exchange programs: United States, 2008. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2010; 59(45):1488–91.
  • Syringe exchange coverage in the United States—July 2013. Tacoma, WA: North American Syringe Exchange Network (NASEN), 2013.
  • Delivering harm reduction services including syringe exchange. New York, NY: amFAR. http://www.amfar.org/endtheban. (accessed November 16, 2014).
  • Birkhead GS, Klein SJ, Candelas AR, et al. Integrating multiple programme and policy approaches to hepatitis C prevention and care for injection drug users: a comprehensive approach. Internat J Drug Policy 2007; 18(5):417–25.
  • Adimora AA, Auerbach JD. Structural interventions for HIV prevention in the United States. J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (JAIDS) 2010; 55:S132–S5.
  • Zaller N, Jeronimo A, Bratberg J, Case P, Rich JD. Pharmacist and pharmacy staff experiences with non-prescription (NP) sale of syringes and attitudes toward providing HIV prevention services for injection drug users (IDUs) in Providence, RI. J Urban Health 2010; 87(6):942–53.
  • Zaller N, Jeronimo A, Bratberg J, Case P, Rich JD. Pharmacist and pharmacy staff experiences with non-prescription (NP) sale of syringes and attitudes toward providing HIV prevention services for injection drug users (IDUs) in Providence, RI. J Urban Health 2010; 87(6):942–53.
  • Degenhardt L, Mathers B, Vickerman P, Rhodes T, Latkin C, Hickman M. Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. The Lancet 2010; 376(9737):285–301.
  • Des Jarlais D, Arasteh K, Mcknight C, et al. Combined HIV prevention, the New York City condom distribution program, and the evolution of safer sex behavior among persons who inject drugs in New York City. AIDS and Behavior 2014; 18(3):443–51.
  • Islam MM, Conigrave KM. Assessing the role of syringe dispensing machines and mobile van outlets in reaching hard-to-reach and high-risk groups of injecting drug users (IDUs): a review. Harm Reduction J 2007; 4(1):14.
  • Islam MM, Wodak A, Conigrave KM. The effectiveness and safety of syringe vending machines as a component of needle syringe programmes in community settings. Internat J Drug Policy 2008; 19(6):436–41.
  • Wagner KD, Simon-Freeman R, Bluthenthal RN. The association between law enforcement encounters and syringe sharing among IDUs on skid row: a mixed methods analysis. AIDS and Behav 2013; 17(8):2637–43.
  • Chen LH, Hedegaard H, Warner M. Drug-poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics: United States, 1999–2011. NCHS Data Brief 2014; (166):1–8.
  • Rudd RA, Paulozzi LJ, Bauer MJ, et al. Increases in heroin overdose deaths—28 States, 2010 to 2012. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2014; 63:849–54.
  • Sporer KA, Kral AH. Prescription naloxone: a novel approach to heroin overdose prevention. Annals of Emer Med 2007; 49(2):172–7.
  • Wines Jr JD, Saitz R, Horton NJ, Lloyd-Travaglini C, Samet JH. Overdose after detoxification: a prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 89(2):161–9.
  • Boyer EW. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. New England J Med 2012; 367(2):146–55.
  • Van Dorp EL, Yassen A, Dahan A. Naloxone treatment in opioid addiction: the risks and benefits. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 2007; 6(2):125–32.
  • LawAtlas: The policy surveillance portal. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://lawatlas.org/topics#.U17l8-fldW3p. (accessed on September 26, 2014).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone: United States, 2010. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2012; 61(6):101–5.
  • Walley AY, Xuan Z, Hackman HH, et al. Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis. British Med J 2013; f174.
  • Doe-Simkins M, Quinn E, Xuan Z, et al. Overdose rescues by trained and untrained participants and change in opioid use among substance-using participants in overdose education and naloxone distribution programs: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14(1):297.
  • Opioid overdose prevention toolkit—updated 2014. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); HHS Publication No. (SMA) 2014; 14–4742.
  • US law enforcement who carry naloxone. Durham, NC: North Carolina Harm Reduction Coalition. http://www.nchrc.org/law-enforcement/us-law-enforcement-who-carry-naloxone. (accessed November 9, 2014).
  • White V. New York State Department of Health, New York City, NY. ( Personal communication, November 12, 2014).
  • Albert S, Brason I, Fred W, et al. Project Lazarus: community‐based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina. Pain Med 2011; 12(s2):S77–S85.
  • Oliva EM. Spotlight on pain management—opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND): preventing and responding to an opioid overdose [cyberseminar]. September 1, 2014.
  • Overdose prevention toolkit: information for prescribers. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); HHS Publication No. (SMA) 2013; 13–4742.
  • Green TC, Bratberg J, Dauria E, Rich J. Responding to opioid overdose in Rhode Island: where the medical community has gone and where we need to go. Rhode Island Med J (RIMJ) 2014; 97(10):29–33.
  • Bowman S, Engelman A, Koziol J, Mahoney L, Maxwell C, McKenzie, M. The Rhode Island community responds to opioid overdose deaths. Rhode Island Medical Journal 2014; 97(10):34.
  • Broadhead RS, Kerr TH, Grund J-PC, Altice FL. Safer injection facilities in North America: their place in public policy and health initiatives. J Drug Issues 2002; 32(1):329–55.
  • Background and evaluation. Sydney, AU: Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre; c2010. http://www.sydneymsic.com/background-and-evaluation#International-context. (accessed September 26, 2014).
  • Kerr T, Tyndall MW, Lai C, Montaner JS, Wood E. Drug-related overdoses within a medically supervised safer injection facility. Internat J Drug Policy 2006; 17(5):436–41.
  • Stoltz J-A, Wood E, Small W, et al. Changes in injecting practices associated with the use of a medically supervised safer injection facility. J Public Health 2007; 29(1):35–9.
  • MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, et al. Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Med J 2012; 345.
  • White B, Dore G, Lloyd A, Rawlinson W, Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. The Med J Australia 2014; 201(6):326–9.
  • Tsui JI, Evans JL, Lum PJ, Hahn JA, Page K. Association of opioid agonist therapy with lower incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 12:1974–1981.
  • Clausen T, Anchersen K, Waal H. Mortality prior to, during and after opioid maintenance treatment (OMT): a national prospective cross-registry study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 94(1):151–7.
  • Gjersing L, Bretteville-Jensen AL. Is opioid substitution treatment beneficial if injecting behaviour continues? Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133(1):121–6.
  • Claudia, S. The global state of harm reduction 2012: towards an integrated response. London, UK: Harm Reduction International, 2012.
  • Csete J, Catania H. Methadone treatment providers' views of drug court policy and practice: a case study of New York State. Harm Reduction J 2013; 10(1):35.
  • Lee JD, Grossman E, Truncali A, et al. Buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance following release from jail. Subst Abuse 2012; 33(1):40–7.
  • Joseph H. National Development and Research Institutes Inc., New York City, NY ( personal communication November 17, 2014).
  • Fiellin DA, Barry DT, Sullivan LE, et al. A randomized trial of cognitive behavioral therapy in primary care-based buprenorphine. The Amer J Med 2013; 126(1):74, e11–74.
  • Schwartz RP, Kelly SM, O'Grady KE, Gandhi D, Jaffe JH. Randomized trial of standard methadone treatment compared to initiating methadone without counseling: 12‐month findings. Addiction 2012; 107(5):943–52.
  • Wiegand T. University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York City, NY ( personal communication November 17, 2014).
  • Gjersing L, Bretteville-Jensen AL. Is opioid substitution treatment beneficial if injecting behaviour continues? Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133(1):121–6.
  • Stancliff S, Joseph H, Fong C, Furst T, Comer SD, Roux P. Opioid maintenance treatment as a harm reduction tool for opioid-dependent individuals in New York City: the need to expand access to buprenorphine/naloxone in marginalized populations. J Addict Dis 2012; 31(3):278–87.
  • Claudia, S. The global state of harm reduction 2012: towards an integrated response. London: Harm Reduction International, 2012.
  • Strang J, Groshkova T, Metrebian N, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. New heroin-assisted treatment: recent evidence and current practices of supervised injectable heroin treatment in Europe and beyond. Publications Office of the European Union, 2012.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Brissette S, Marsh DC, et al. Diacetylmorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid addiction. New England J Med 2009; 361(8):777–86.
  • Oviedo-Joekes E, Guh D, Brissette S, et al. Double-blind injectable hydromorphone versus diacetylmorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence: a pilot study. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 38(4):408–11.
  • Van Den Berg C, Smit C, Van Brussel G, Coutinho R, Prins M. Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users. Addiction 2007; 102(9):1454–62.
  • Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care for injecting drug users, 2012 revision.
  • World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care for key populations, 2014 World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva.
  • World Health Organization. Community management of opioid overdose, 2014 World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva.
  • Claudia S. The global state of harm reduction 2012: towards an integrated response. London: Harm Reduction International, 2012.
  • HIV prevention, treatment, and care serv- ices for people who inject drugs: a system- atic review of global, regional, and national coverage. The Lancet 2010; 375(9719):1014–28.
  • World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care for injecting drug users, 2012 revision.
  • Burring, EC. Effects of Amsterdam needle and syringe exchange. Int J Addict. 1991 Dec; 26(12):1303–11.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.