References
- Summers P , Alemu B , Quidgley-Nevares A . History of drug use predicts opioid treatment agreement violation. J Opioid Manag. 2015;11(6):501–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2015.0303.
- Han B , Compton WM , Jones CM , Cai R . Nonmedical prescription opioid use and use disorders among adults aged 18 through 64 years in the United States, 2003-2013. JAMA. 2015; 314(14):1468–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.11859.
- Compton WM , Boyle M , Wargo E . Prescription opioid abuse: problems and responses. Prev Med. 2015; 80:5–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.003.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER); 2017. [cited 2018 Nov 21]. http://wonder.cdc.gov.
- Substance Abuse and Maternal Health Services Administration. Results from the 2016 national survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings-NSDUH Series H-44 ; 2017. [cited 2018 Nov 21]. https://www.samhsa.gov/.
- Cicero TJ , Inciardi JA , Munoz A . Trends in abuse of OxyContin® and other opioid analgesics in the United States: 2002-2004. J Pain. 2005;6(10):662–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2005.05.004.
- Patrick SW , Schumacher R , Benneyworth BD , Krans EE , McAllister JM , Davis MM . Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1934–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.3951.
- Patrick SW , Davis MM , Lehmann CU , Cooper WO . Increasing incidence and geographic distribution of neonatal abstinence syndrome: United States 2009 to 2012. J Perinatol. 2015;35(8):650–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2015.36.
- Substance Abuse and Maternal Health Services Administration. Results from the 2011 national survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings-NSDUH Series H- 44 ; 2012. [cited 2019 Jan 10]. https://www.samhsa.gov/.
- Benningfield MM , Arria AM , Kaltenbach K , Heil SH , Stine SM , Coyle MG , Fischer G , Jones HE , Martin PR . Co‐occurring psychiatric symptoms are associated with increased psychological, social, and medical impairment in opioid-dependent pregnant women. Am J Addict. 2010;19(5):416–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00064.x.
- Whiteman VE , Salemi JL , Mogos MF , Cain MA , Aliyu MH , Salihu HM . Maternal opioid drug use during pregnancy and its impact on perinatal morbidity, mortality, and the costs of medical care in the United States. J Pregnancy. 2014;2014(14):1–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/906723.
- Brown JD , Goodin AJ , Talbert JC . Rural and Appalachian disparities in neonatal abstinence syndrome incidence and access to opioid abuse treatment. J Rural Health. 2018;34(1):6–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12251.
- Forray A , Foster D . Substance use in the perinatal period. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(11):91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0626-5.
- Heberlein A , Leggio L , Stichtenoth D , Thomas H . The treatment of alcohol and opioid dependence in pregnant women. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(6):559–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328358ad36.
- Kaltenbach K , Berghella V , Finnegan L . Opioid dependence during pregnancy: effects and management. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1998;25(1):139–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8545(05)70362-4.
- Wendell AD . Overview and epidemiology of substance abuse in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56(1):91–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827feeb9.
- Maeda A , Bateman B , Clancy C , Creanga A , Leffert L . Opioid abuse and dependence during pregnancy: Temporal trends and obstetrical outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2014;121(6):1158–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000000472.
- National Institute of Drug Abuse. North Carolina Opioid Summary ; 2019. [cited 2019 Oct 26]. https://www.drugabuse.gov.
- Albert S , Brason FW , Sanford CK , Dasgupta N , Graham J , Lovette B . Project Lazarus: community-based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina. Pain Med. 2011;12(suppl 2):S77–S85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01128.x.
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). HCUP [databases]. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville, MD. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov.
- Slee VN . The International classification of diseases: ninth revision (ICD-9). Ann Intern Med. 1978;88(3):424–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-3-424.
- US Census Bureau . Quick Facts North Carolina; 2010. [cited 2019 Dec 15]. https://factfinder.census.gov.
- Haight SC , Ko JY , Tong VT , Bohm MK , Callaghan WM . Opioid use disorder documented at delivery hospitalization—United States, 1999–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(31):845–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6731a1.
- Desai RJ , Hernandez-Diaz S , Bateman BT , Huybrechts KF . Increase in prescription opioid use during pregnancy among Medicaid-enrolled women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(5):997–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000000208.
- Kaye AD , Jones MR , Kaye AM , Ripoll JG , Galan V , Beakley BD , et al. Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: an updated review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies to curb opioid abuse: part 1. Pain Phys. 2017;2(20;2):S93–S109. doi:https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2017.s109.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Committee opinion No. 711. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):e81–e94.
- Shiels MS , Berrington de González A , Best AF , Chen Y , Chernyavskiy P , Hartge P , Khan SQ , Pérez-Stable EJ , Rodriquez EJ , Spillane S , et al. Premature mortality from all causes and drug poisonings in the USA according to socioeconomic status and rurality: an analysis of death certificate data by county from 2000–15. Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(2):e97–e106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30208-1.
- Kendler KS , Davis CG , Kessler RC . The familial aggregation of common psychiatric and substance use disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey: a family history study. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170(6):541–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.6.541.
- Prangnell A , Voon P , Shulha H , Nosova E , Shoveller J , Milloy M-J , Kerr T , Hayashi K . The relationship between childhood emotional abuse and chronic pain among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;93:119–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.05.006.
- Taplin C , Saddichha S , Li K , Krausz MR . Family history of alcohol and drug abuse, childhood trauma, and age of first drug injection. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(10):1311–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.901383.
- Association of State and Territorial Health Officials . Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: How States Can Help Advance the Knowledge Base for Primary Prevention and Best Practices of Care; 2014. [cited 2019 Dec 20]. https://www.astho.org.
- North Carolina Pregnancy and Opioid Exposure Project . Guidance for North Carolina - Scope of the Issue, 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 3]. https://ncpoep.org.
- Grossman M , Berkwitt A . Neonatal abstinence syndrome. Semin Perinatol. 2019; 43(3):173–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2019.01.007.
- O'Malley KJ , Cook KF , Price MD , Wildes KR , Hurdle JF , Ashton CM . Measuring diagnoses: ICD code accuracy. Health Serv Res. 2005;40(5p2):1620–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00444.x.
- Introduction to the HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID) . Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). September 2019. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/state/siddist/SID_Introduction.jsp.
- Waddell N , Karatzias T . The relationship between interpersonal trauma and substance misuse in pregnancy. Br J Midwifery. 2019;27(9):578–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2019.27.9.578.