References
- Simunivic MP. Acquired color vision deficiency. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61(2):132–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.11.004.
- Li W, DeVries SH. Separate blue and green cone networks in the mammalian retina. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(7):751–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1275.
- Fernandes TP, Hovis JK, Almeida N, de Souza Souto JJ, Bonifacio TA, Rodrigues S, et al. Effects of Nicotine Gum Administration on Vision (ENIGMA-Vis): Study Protocol of a Double-Blind, Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Hum Neurosci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 6];14. Available from:
- Kaliappan S, Jha P, Lyzogubov V, Tytarenko RG, Bora NS, Bora PS. Alcohol and nicotine consumption exacerbates choroidal neovascularization by modulating the regulation of complement system. FEBS Lett. 2008;582:3451–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.09.009.
- Fernandes TP, Silverstein SM, Almeida NL, Santos NA. Visual impairments in tobacco use disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2019;271:60–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.024.
- Fernandes TMP, Andrade SM, Andrade MJO, Nogueira RMTBL, Santos NA. Colour discrimination thresholds in type 1 bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16752-0.
- Garcia-Martin E, Larrosa J, Polo V, Satue M, Marques M, Alarcia R, Seral M, Fuertes I, Otin S, Pablo L. Distribution of retinal layer atrophy in patients with Parkinson disease and association with disease severity and duration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(2):470–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.028.
- O’Donoghue S, Holleran L, Cannon DM, McDonald C. Anatomical dysconnectivity in bipolar disorder compared with schizophrenia: A selective review of structural network analyses using diffusion MRI. J Affect Disord. 2017;209:217–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.015.
- Stokes P, Kalk N, Young A. Bipolar disorder and addictions: The elephant in the room. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;211(3):132–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.193912.
- Williams JM, Gandhi KK, Lu S-E, Steinberg ML, Benowitz NL. Nicotine intake and smoking topography in smokers with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14(6):618–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01047.x.
- Arda H, Mirza GE, Polat OA, Karakucuk S, Oner A, Gumus K. Effects of chronic smoking on color vision in young subjects. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(1):77–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.14.
- Fernandes TP, Butler PD, Rodrigues SJ, Silva GM, Anchieta MV, Souto JJS, et al. Short-term effects of nicotine gum on facial detection in healthy nonsmokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Addict Dis. 2020 Aug 28;1–11.
- Nork TM. Acquired color vision loss and a possible mechanism of ganglion cell death in glaucoma. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2000;98:331–63.
- Mollon JD, Regan BC. 2000. Cambridge Colour Test Handbook. https://sites.oxy.edu/clint/physio/article/CAMBRIDGECOLOURTESTHandbook.pdf.
- Regan BC, Reffin JP, Mollon JD. Luminance noise and the rapid determination of discrimination ellipses in colour deficiency. Vision Res. 1994 Maio;34(10):1279–99.
- Saftari LN, Kwon O. Ageing vision and falls: a review. J Physiol Anthropol. 2018;37(1):11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-018-0170-1.
- American Psychiatric Association. 2015. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). https://www.appi.org/products/structured-clinical-interview-for-dsm-5-scid-5.
- Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133(5):429–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.133.5.429.
- Ishihara S. 1972. The Series of Plates Designed as a Test for Colour-Blindness.
- Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991;86(9):1119–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.
- Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y. 2002. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. PLUS). Brazilian. Version 5.0.0.
- Fernandes TP, Hovis JK, Almeida N, de Souza Souto JJ, Bonifacio TA, Rodrigues S, Silva GM, Andrade MO, Silva JB, Gomes G, et al. Effects of nicotine gum administration on vision (ENIGMA-Vis): study protocol of a double-blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:314. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00314.
- Paramei GV. Color discrimination across four life decades assessed by the Cambridge Colour Test. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2012 Feb 1;29(2):A290–297.
- Paramei GV, Oakley B. Variation of color discrimination across the life span. JOSA A. 2014 Apr 1;31(4):A375–84.
- Treutwein B. Adaptative psychophysical procedures. Vision Res. 1995;35(17):2503–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(95)00016-X.
- Fernandes TP, Santos NA, Paramei GV. Cambridge Colour Test: reproducibility in normal trichromats. JOSAA. 2020 Apr 1;37(4):A70–80.
- Antonius R. Interpreting Quantitative Data with SPSS. SAGE Publications; 2003.
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education; 2007. xxvii, 980 p. (Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed).
- Fernandes TMP, Silverstein SM, Almeida N. L d, Santos NAD. Psychophysical evaluation of contrast sensitivity using Gabor patches in tobacco addiction. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;57:68–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.034.
- Silva GM, Souto JJ, Fernandes TP, Bonifácio TA, Almeida NL, Gomes GH, Felisberti FM, Santos NA. Impairments of facial detection in tobacco use disorder: baseline data and impact of smoking duration. Braz. J. Psychiatry. 2020. (in press). doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1107.
- Schallmo MP, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. Reduced Contextual Effects on Visual Contrast Perception in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Affective Disorder. Psychol Med. 2015;45(16):3527–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001439.
- Zheng W, Tang LR, Correll CU, Ungvari GS, Chiu HFK, Xiang YQ, Xiang YT. Frequency and correlates of distant visual impairment in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. East Asian Arch Psychiatry. 2015;25(3):115–21.
- Kéri S, Benedek G, Janka Z. Vernier threshold and the parallel visual pathways in bipolar disorder: a follow-up study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(1):86–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.07.001.
- Tan A, Schwitzer T, Conart J-B, Angioi-Duprez K. [Retinal investigations in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia: A review of the literature]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2020 Sep;43(7):586–97.
- Khalil NM, Nicotra A, Wilkins AJ. Asymmetry of visual function in migraine with aura: correlation with lateralisation of headache and aura. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(2):213–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102410378050.
- Mehraban A, Samimi SM, Entezari M, Seifi MH, Nazari M, Yaseri M. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in bipolar disorder. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(2):365–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-015-2981-7.
- Khalil MA, Saleh AA, Gohar SM, Khalil DH, Said M. Optical coherence tomography findings in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017 Aug 15;218:115–22.
- Dalton EJ, Cate‐Carter TD, Mundo E, Parikh SV, Kennedy JL. Suicide risk in bipolar patients: The role of co-morbid substance use disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2003;5(1):58–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00017.x.