A systematic review on the impact of alcohol warning labels

References

• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol facts and statistics [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2223–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 18]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274603/9789241565639-eng.pdf?ua=1.
   Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Chou SP, Saha TD, Pickering RP, Kerridge BT, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Jung J, Zhang H, Fan A, et al. Prevalence of 12-month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 to 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(9):911–23. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton WM, Thomas YF, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(5):566–76. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Caetano R, Casswell S, Edwards G, Graham K, Grube J, et al. Alcohol: no ordinary commodity - A summary of the second edition. Addiction. 2010;105(5):769–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallance K, Stockwell T, Hammond D, Shokar S, Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Greenfield T, McGavock J, Zhao J, Weerasinghe A, Hobin E, et al. Testing the effectiveness of enhanced alcohol warning labels and modifications resulting from alcohol industry interference in Yukon, Canada: protocol for a quasi-experimental study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020;9(1):e16320. doi:10.2196/16320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. Health warning labeling requirements. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Yach D. WHO framework convention on tobacco control. Lancet. 2003;361(9357):611–2. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12532-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond D. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tob Control. 2011;20(5):327–37. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Cameron R, Brown KS. Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behaviour. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):391–5. doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hamdani M. The case for stringent alcohol warning labels: lessons from the tobacco control experience. J Public Health Policy. 2014;35(1):65–74. doi:10.1057/jphp.2013.47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hamdani M, Smith S. Alcohol warning label perceptions: emerging evidence for alcohol policy. Can J Public Health. 2015;106(6):e395-400–e400. doi:10.17269/cjph.106.5116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke N, Pechey E, Kosīte D, König LM, Mantzari E, Blackwell AKM, Marteau TM, Hollands GJ. Impact of health warning labels on selection and consumption of food and alcohol products: systematic review with meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2021;15(3):430–53. doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1780147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan LM, Shiu E. A systematic review of the efficacy of alcohol warning labels: insights from qualitative and quantitative research in the new millennium. JSOCM. 2018;8(3):333–52. Vol. doi:10.1108/JSOCM-03-2017-0020.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson C, Room R. Warnings on alcohol containers and advertisements: international experience and evidence on effects. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2009;28(4):426–35. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00055.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobin E, Jansen R, Vanderlee L, Berenbaum E. Enhanced alcohol container labels: a systematic review. The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. 2022, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kokole D, Anderson P, Jané-Llopis E. Nature and potential impact of alcohol health warning labels: a scoping review. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3065. doi:10.3390/nu13093065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimova ED, Mitchell D. Rapid literature review on the impact of health messaging and product information on alcohol labelling. Drugs: Educ, Prevent Policy. 2022;29(5):451–63. doi:10.1080/09687637.2021.1932754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesbrecht N, Reisdorfer E, Rios I. Alcohol health warning labels: a rapid review with action recommendations. IJERPH. 2022; Sep 1619(18):11676. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy CE, Fonner VA, Armstrong KA, Denison JA, Yeh PT, O’Reilly KR, Sweat MD. The evidence project risk of bias tool: assessing study rigor for both randomized and non-randomized intervention studies. Syst Rev. 2019;8(1):3. doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0925-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer RN, Smith KR, Scammon DL. Evaluating the Impact of Alcohol Warning Labels. Adv Cons Res. 1991;18:706–714.
   Google Scholar
• Scammon DL, Mayer RN, Smith KR. Alcohol Warnings: how do you know when you have had one too many? J Public Policy Mark. 1991;10(1):214–28. doi:10.1177/074391569101000115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield TK, Graves KL, Kaskutas LA. Long-term effects of alcohol warning labels: findings from a comparison of the United States and Ontario, Canada. Psychol Mark. 1999;16(3):261–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199905)16:3<261::AID-MAR5>3.0.CO;2-Z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas L, Greenfield T. Knowledge of warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, San Francisco, CA. 1991.
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Fenaughty AM. Substance use and memory for health warning labels. Health Psychol. 1993;12(2):147–50. doi:10.1037//0278-6133.12.2.147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Nohre L, Pentz MA, Stacy AW. The alcohol warning and adolescents: 5-Year effects. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(10):1589–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín G, Gamba RJ. Changes in reported awareness of product warning labels and messages in cohorts of California hispanics and non-hispanic whites. Health Educ Behav. 1997;24(2):230–44. doi:10.1177/109019819702400210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazis MB, Morris LA, Swasy JL. Longitudinal study of awareness, recall, and acceptance of alcohol warning labels. Appl Behav Sci Rev. 1996;4(2):111–120.
   Google Scholar
• Nohre L, MacKinnon DP, Stacy AW, Pentz MA. The association between adolescents’ receiver characteristics and exposure to the alcohol warning label. Psychol Mark. 1999;16(3):245–59. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199905)16:3<245::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Weerasinghe A, Vallance K, Stockwell T, Zhao J, Hammond D, McGavock J, Greenfield TK, Paradis C, Hobin E, et al. Examining the impact of alcohol labels on awareness and knowledge of national drinking guidelines: a real-world study in Yukon, Canada. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020;81(2):262–72. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker RN, Saltz RF, Hennessy M. The impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels on alcohol‐­impaired drivers, drinking drivers and the general population in northern California. Addiction. 1994;89(12):1639–51. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03765.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobin E, Shokar S, Vallance K, Hammond D, McGavock J, Greenfield TK, Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Paradis C, Stockwell T. Communicating risks to drinkers: testing alcohol labels with a cancer warning and national drinking guidelines in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2020;111(5):716–25. doi:10.17269/s41997-020-00320-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons JA, Johnson TP, Barrett ME. Awareness and knowledge of alcohol beverage warning labels among homeless persons in Cook County, Illinois. Int Q Community Health Educ. 1993;14(2):153–64. doi:10.2190/LMGN-R5CN-J5TM-WHRF.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenfield TK, Kaskutas LA. Early impacts of alcoholic beverage warning labels: national study findings relevant to drinking and driving behavior. Saf Sci. 1993;16(5-6):689–707. doi:10.1016/0925-7535(93)90031-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas L, Greenfield TK. First effects of warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1992;31(1):1–14. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(92)90002-t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annunziata A, Pomarici E, Vecchio R, Mariani A. Health warnings on wine: a consumer perspective. British Food Journal. 2016;118(3):647–59. doi:10.1108/BFJ-08-2015-0300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield TK, Kaskutas LA. Five years’ exposure to alcohol warning label messages and their impacts: evidence from diffusion analysis. Appl Behav Sci Rev. 1998;6(1):39–68.
   Google Scholar
• Dumas A, Toutain S, Hill C, Simmat-Durand L. Warning about drinking during pregnancy: lessons from the French experience. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):20. doi:10.1186/s12978-018-0467-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hankin JR, Sloan JJ, Firestone IJ, Ager JW, Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Townsend J. The alcohol beverage warning label: when did knowledge increase? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17(2):428–30. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00788.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin JR, Sloan JJ, Firestone IJ, Ager JW, Sokol RJ, Martier SS. Has awareness of the alcohol warning label reached its upper limit? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(3):440–4. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01072.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss S. Israeli, Arab, and Jewish youth knowledge and opinion about alcohol warning labels: pre-intervention data. Alcohol Alcohol. 1997;32(3):251–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstock AR, Holmes J, Ferris JA, Davies EL. Perceptions of alcohol health warning labels in a large international cross-sectional survey of people who drink alcohol. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2020;55(3):315–22. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agz099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hamdani M, Smith SM. Alcohol warning label perceptions: do warning sizes and plain packaging matter? J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2017;78(1):79–87. doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouff J, Schutte N, Wiener K, Brancazio C, Fish D. Important characteristics of warning displays on alcohol containers. J Stud Alcohol. 1993;54(4):457–61. doi:10.15288/jsa.1993.54.457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dossou G, Gallopel-Morvan K, Diouf JF. The effectiveness of current French health warnings displayed on alcohol advertisements and alcoholic beverages. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(4):699–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SC, Gregory P. Health warning labels on alcohol products: the views of Australian university students. Contemp Drug Probl. 2010;37(1):109–37. doi:10.1177/009145091003700106.
   Google Scholar
• Vallance K, Romanovska I, Stockwell T, Hammond D, Rosella L, Hobin E. We have a right to know”: exploring consumer opinions on content, design and acceptability of enhanced alcohol labels. Alcohol Alcohol. 2018;53(1):20–5. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP. A choice-based method to compare alternative alcohol warning labels. J Stud Alcohol. 1993;54(5):614–7. doi:10.15288/jsa.1993.54.614.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazis MB, Morris LA, Swasy JL. An evaluation of the alcohol warning label: initial survey results. J Public Policy Mark. 1991;10(1):229–41. doi:10.1177/074391569101000116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves KL. An evaluation of the alcohol warning label: a comparison of the United States and Ontario, Canada in 1990 and 1991. J Public Policy Mark. 1993;12(1):19–29. doi:10.1177/074391569501200103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigg S, Stafford LD. Health warnings on alcoholic beverages: perceptions of the health risks and intentions towards alcohol consumption. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153027. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas LA. Differential perceptions of alcohol policy effectiveness. J Publ Health Policy. 1993;14(4):413–36. doi:10.2307/3342876.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creyer EH, Kozup JC, Burton S. An experimental assessment of the effects of two alcoholic beverage health warnings across countries and binge-drinking status. J Consum Aff. 2002;36(2):171–202. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2002.tb00429.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder LB, Blood DJ. Caution: alcohol Advertising and the Surgeon General’s Alcohol Warnings May Have Adverse Effects on Young Adults. J Appl Commun Res. 1992;20(1):37–53. doi:10.1080/00909889209365318.
   Google Scholar
• Hall MG, Grummon AH, Lazard AJ, Maynard OM, Taillie LS. Reactions to graphic and text health warnings for cigarettes, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol: an online randomized experiment of US adults. Prev Med (Baltim). 2020;137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechey E, Clarke N, Mantzari E, Blackwell AKM, De-Loyde K, Morris RW, Marteau TM, Hollands GJ. Image-and-text health warning labels on alcohol and food: potential effectiveness and acceptability. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):376. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8403-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krischler M, Glock S. Alcohol warning labels formulated as questions change alcohol-related outcome expectancies: a pilot study. Addict Res Theory. 2015;23(4):343–9. doi:10.3109/16066359.2015.1009829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobin E, Weerasinghe A, Vallance K, Hammond D, McGavock J, Greenfield TK, Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Paradis C, Stockwell T. Testing alcohol labels as a tool to communicate cancer risk to drinkers: a real-world quasi-experimental study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020;81(2):249–61. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillero-Rejon C, Attwood AS, Blackwell AKM, Ibáñez-Zapata JA, Munafò MR, Maynard OM. Alcohol pictorial health warning labels: the impact of self-affirmation and health warning severity. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1403. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6243-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kersbergen I, Field M. Alcohol consumers’ attention to warning labels and brand information on alcohol packaging: findings from cross-sectional and experimental studies. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):123. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4055-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pham C, Rundle-Thiele S, Parkinson J, Li S. Alcohol warning label awareness and attention: a multi-method study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2018;53(1):39–45. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk RL, Westwood J, Heim D, Qureshi AW. The effect of pictorial content on attention levels and alcohol-related beliefs: an eye-tracking study. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2017;47(3):158–64. doi:10.1111/jasp.12432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Nemeroff C, Nohre L. Avoidance responses to alternative alcohol warning labels. J Appl Social Pyschol. 1994;24(8):733–53. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00609.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Stockwell T, Vallance K, Hobin E. The effects of alcohol warning labels on population alcohol consumption: an interrupted time series analysis of alcohol sales in Yukon, Canada. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020;81(2):225–37. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Pentz MA, Stacy AW. The alcohol warning label and adolescents: the first year. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(4):585–7. doi:10.2105/ajph.83.4.585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coomber K, Martino F, Barbour IR, Mayshak R, Miller PG. Do consumers “get the facts”? A survey of alcohol warning label recognition in Australia. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(816):816. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2160-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tam TW, Greenfield TK. Do alcohol warning labels influence men’s and women’s attempts to deter others from driving when intoxicated? Hum Factors Ergon Manuf. 2010;20(6):538–46. doi:10.1002/hfm.20239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughery KR, Young SL, Vaubel KP, Brelsford JW. The noticeability of warnings on alcoholic beverage containers. J Public Policy Mark. 1993;12(1):38–56. doi:10.1177/074391569501200105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume AW, Resor MR. Knowledge about health risks and drinking behavior among Hispanic women who are or have been of childbearing age. Addict Behav. 2007;32(10):2335–9. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Stacy AW, Nohre L, Geiselman RE. Effects of processing depth on memory for the alcohol warning label. Proc Human Factors Ergonom Soc Ann Meet. 1992;36(5):538–42. doi:10.1177/154193129203600514.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield TK, Ye Y, Giesbrecht NA. Views of alcohol control policies in the 2000 National Alcohol Survey: what news for alcohol policy development in the US and its States? J Subst Use. 2007;12(6):429–45. doi:10.1080/14659890701262262.
   Google Scholar
• Weerasinghe A, Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Vallance K, Stockwell T, Hammond D, McGavock J, et al. Improving knowledge that alcohol can cause cancer is associated with consumer support for alcohol policies: findings from a real-world alcohol labelling study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallance K, Stockwell T, Zhao J, Shokar S, Schoueri-Mychasiw N, Hammond D, Greenfield TK, McGavock J, Weerasinghe A, Hobin E, et al. Baseline assessment of alcohol-related knowledge of and support for alcohol warning labels among alcohol consumers in northern canada and associations with key sociodemographic characteristics. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2020;81(2):238–48. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parackal SM, Parackal MK, Harraway JA. Warning labels on alcohol containers as a source of information on alcohol consumption in pregnancy among New Zealand women. Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(4):302–5. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton ME, Kaskutas L. Public support for warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers. Br J Addict. 1991;86(10):1323–33. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01708.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller ER, Ramsey IJ, Baratiny GY, Olver IN. Message on a bottle: are alcohol warning labels about cancer appropriate? BMC Public Health. 2016;16(:139. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2812-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaskutas LA. Changes in public attitudes toward alcohol control policies since the warning label mandate of 1988. J Public Policy Mark. 1993;12(1):30–7. doi:10.1177/074391569501200104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew S, Jongenelis M, Chikritzhs T, Slevin T, Pratt IS, Glance D, Liang W. Developing cancer warning statements for alcoholic beverages. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall MG, Grummon AH, Maynard OM, Kameny MR, Jenson D, Popkin BM. Causal language in health warning labels and US adults’ perception: a randomized experiment. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(10):1429–33. Vol. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews JC, Netemeyer RG, Durvasula S. The role of cognitive responses as mediators of alcohol warning label effects. J Public Policy Mark. 1993;12(1):57–68. doi:10.1177/074391569501200106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCarlo TE, Parrott R, Rody R, Winsor RD. Alcohol warnings and warning labels: an examination of alternative alcohol warning messages and perceived effectiveness. J Consum Mark. 1997;14(6):448–62. doi:10.1108/07363769710186060.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews JC, Netemeyer RG, Durvasula S. Believability and attitudes toward alcohol warning label information: the role of persuasive communications theory. J Public Policy Mark. 1990;9(1):1–15. doi:10.1177/074391569000900101.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews JC, Netemeyer RG, Durvasula S. Effects of consumption frequency on believability and attitudes toward alcohol warning labels. J Consum Aff. 1991;25(2):323–38. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1991.tb00008.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis W, Pettigrew S. The relative influence of alcohol warning statement type on young drinkers’ stated choices. Food Qual Prefer. 2013;28(1):244–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glock S, Krolak-Schwerdt S. Changing outcome expectancies, drinking intentions, and implicit attitudes toward alcohol: a comparison of positive expectancy-related and health-related alcohol warning labels. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2013;5(3):332–47. doi:10.1111/aphw.12013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozup J, Burton S, Greyer E. A comparison of drinkers’ and nondrinkers’ responses to Health-related information presented on wine beverage labels. J Consum Policy (Dordr). 2001;24(2):209–230.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke N, Pechey E, Mantzari E, Blackwell AKM, De‐Loyde K, Morris RW, Munafò MR, Marteau TM, Hollands GJ. Impact of health warning labels communicating the risk of cancer on alcohol selection: an online experimental study. Addiction. 2021;116(1):41–52. doi:10.1111/add.15072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin JR, Sloan JJ, Firestone IJ, Ager JW, Sokol RJ, Martier SS. A time series analysis of the impact of the alcohol warning label on antenatal drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17(2):284–9. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00764.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin JR, Sloan JJ, Sokol RJ. The modest impact of the alcohol beverage warning label on drinking during pregnancy among a sample of African-American women. J Public Policy Mark. 1998;17(1):61–9. doi:10.1177/074391569801700107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankin JR, Firestone IJ, Sloan JJ, Ager JW, Sokol RJ, Martier SS. Heeding the alcoholic beverage warning label during pregnancy: multiparae versus nulliparae. J Stud Alcohol. 1996;57(2):171–7. doi:10.15288/jsa.1996.57.171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Nohre L, Cheong J, Stacy AW, Pentz MA. Longitudinal relationship between the alcohol warning label and alcohol consumption. J Stud Alcohol. 2001;62(2):221–7. doi:10.15288/jsa.2001.62.221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armitage CJ, Arden MA. Enhancing the effectiveness of alcohol warning labels with a self-affirming implementation intention. Health Psychol. 2016;35(10):1159–63. doi:10.1037/hea0000376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahra D, Monk RL, Corder E. IF you drink alcohol, THEN you will get cancer”: Investigating how reasoning accuracy is affected by pictorially presented graphic alcohol warnings. Alcohol Alcohol. 2015;50(5):608–16. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agv029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy AW, MacKinnon DP, Pentz MA. Generality and specificity in health behavior: application to warning-label and social influence expectancies. J Appl Psychol. 1993;78(4):611–27. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford LD, Salmon J. Alcohol health warnings can influence the speed of consumption. Z Gesundh Wiss. 2017;25(2):147–54. doi:10.1007/s10389-016-0770-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Government Publishing Office. Title 27 – intoxicating liquors. Federal Alcohol Administration Act, Washington, DC, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Nair A. Publication bias - Importance of studies with negative results! Indian J Anaesth. 2019;63(6):505. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_142_19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar