Notes
- Stanton , William . 1960 . The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes Towards Race in America, 1815–1859 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Jordan , Winthrop D. 1968 . White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 , Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina Press .
- Fredrickson , George M. 1971 . The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro‐American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 , New York : Harper and Row .
- Wilson , Kirt H. 1999 . “Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth‐Century Biological Determinism,” . Western Journal of Communication , 63 : 193 – 215 .
- Brown , William Wells . 1874 . The Rising Son; or, The Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race , Boston : A. G. Brown . New York: Negro Universities Press, 1970
- Alexander , William T. 1887 . History of the Colored Race in America , Columbia, S.C. : Palmetto Publishing . New York: Negro Universities Press, 1968
- Williams , George W. 1883 . History of the Negro Race in America, 1619–1880 , New York : G. P. Putman's Sons . New York: Arno Press
- Kletzing , H. F. and Crogman , W. H. 1897 . Progress of a Race , Atlanta : J. L. Nichols and Co. . rpt.: New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969
- 1843 . Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society , i New York : AES .
- Stocking , George W. Jr. Victorian Anthropology , 52 New York : Free Press .
- Morton , Samuel George . 1839 . Crania Americana; or a Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations , Philadelphia : Dobson .
- Nott , Josiah C. and Gliddon , George R. 1854 . Types of Mankind , Philadelphia : Lippincott, Grambo and Co. .
- Fredrickson . Black Image , 75
- Prichard , J. C. 1973 . Researches into the Physical History of Man , Edited by: Stocking , George Jr. iii Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Blumenbach , Johann Friedrich . 1969 . On the Natural Variety of Mankind , Edited by: Bendyshe , Thomas . 276 New York : Bergman Publishers .
- 1854 . Democratic Review , 17 : 39
- 1850 . Soutkern Quarterly Review . 2 : 424 – 25 .
- 1851 . Southern Quarterly Review , 4 : 213
- Russworm , John B. 1828 . “Varieties of the Human Races,” . Freedman's Journal , 2 : 51
- 1831 . "Thoughts on Color,” . The Liberator , 1 : 3
- Douglass , Frederick . 1985 . “The Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered,” . In The Frederick Douglass Papers , Edited by: Blassingame , John . vol. 2 , 503 – 04 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Stocking . 1982 . Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology , 45 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Carpenter , Ronald C. 1995 . History as Rhetoric: Style, Narrative, and Persuasion , Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press .
- Turner , Kathleen J. , ed. 1998 . Doing Rhetorical History: Concepts and Cases , Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Press .
- Zelizer , Barbie . 1998 . Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Moses , Wilson . 1998 . Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History , 26 – 27 . New York and London : Cambridge University Press .
- Williams . History , v – vi .
- Alexander . Colored Race , 7
- Kletzing and Crogman . Progress , iii
- Kletzing and Crogman . Progress , 53
- Brown . Rising Son , 118
- Moses . Afrotopia , 26
- Alexander . Colored Race , 354
- Brown . Rising Sore , 418
- Kletzing and Crogman . Progress , 574
- Williams . History , 5
- Stanton . Leopard's Spots , 143
- Alexander . Colored Race , 21 24
- Kletzing and Crogman . Progress , 23 – 24 .
- Kletzing and Crogman . Progress , 25
- Fredrickson . Black Image , 81 – 82 .
- Jordan . White Over Black , 487
- Brown . Rising Sore , 78
- Brown . Rising Son , 86
- Brown . Rising Son , 87
- Alexander . Colored Race , 22
- Alexander . Colored Race , 24
- Williams . History , 53
- 1852 . Southern Quarterly Review , 5 : 175
- Moses . Afrotopia , 75
- Brown . Rising Son , 37 – 38 .
- Brown . Rising Son , 43 – 14 .
- Nott and Gliddon . Types , 210
- Alexander . Colored Race , 8
- Williams . History , 19
- Myrdal , Gunnar . 1944 . An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy , 115 New York : Harper and Brothers .
- Nott and Gliddon . Types , 215
- Franklin , John Hope . 1986 . “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro‐American History,” . In The State of Afro‐American History: Past, Present, and Future , Edited by: Hine , Darlene Clark . 13 Baton Rouge, LA : Louisiana State University Press .