The invention of ‘quantifiably safe Rhetoric’: Richard Wirthlin and Ronald Reagan's instrumental use of public opinion research in presidential discourse

Notes

• Sussman , Barry . 1988 . What Americans Really Think , 33 New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , Richard W. 1974 . “The Pulse of the People: Franklin Roosevelt and the Gauging of American Public Opinion,” . Journal of Contemporary History , 9 : 195 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heith , Diane J. 1998 . “Staffing the White House Public Opinion Apparatus: 1969–1988,” . Public Opinion Quarterly , 62 : 165 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , Lawrence R. and Shapiro , Robert Y. 1995 . “The Rise of Presidential Polling: The Nixon White House in Historical Perspective,” . Public Opinion Quarterly , 59 : 163 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . “The Rise of Presidential Polling,” . 165
   Google Scholar
• Altshuler , Bruce E. 1986 . “Lyndon Johnson and the Public Polls,” . Public Opinion Quarterly , 50 : 285 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshculer , Bruce E. 1990 . LBJ and the Polls , Gainesville : University of Florida Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heith , Diane J. “Staffing the White House,” . 170
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . “The Rise of Presidential Polling,” . 163 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , Lawrence R. and Shapiro , Robert Y. 1996 . “Presidential Manipulation of Polls and Public Opinion: The Nixon Administration and the Pollsters,” . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 110 : 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Heith . “White House Public Opinion Apparatus,” . 181
   Google Scholar
• Hall , Wynton C. and King , John M. 2002 . “Leadership by X‐sample?: Bill Clinton and Dick Morris's Use of Poll‐Tested, Triangulated Rhetoric,” . Business Research Yearbook , 9 : 612 – 616 .
   Google Scholar
• Lavrakas , Paul J. , Traugott , Michael W. and Miller , Peter V. , eds. 1995 . Presidential Polls and the News Media , Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herbst , Susan . 1993 . Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bogart , Leo . 1985 . “Polls and Public Opinion,” . Society , 23 : 16 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogart , Leo . 1998 . “Politics, Polls, and Poltergeist,” . Society , 35 : 8 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratzan , Scott C. 1989 . “The Real Agenda Setters: Pollsters in the 1988 Presidential Campaign,” . American Behavioral Scientist , 32 : 451 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roper , Burns W. 1985 . “Political Polls,” . Society , 22 : 28 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan , J. Michael and Smith , Ted J. 1991 . “Polling on the Issues: Public Opinion and the Nuclear Freeze,” . Public Opinion Quarterly , 55 : 534 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee , June Woong . 1996 . “How Polls Drive Campaign Coverage: The Gallup/USA Today Tracking Poll and USA Today's coverage of the 1992 Presidential Campaign,” . Political Communication , 13 : 213 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst . Numbered Voices 175
   Google Scholar
• Tulis , Jefferey . 1989 . The Rhetorical Presidency , 14 Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Altschuler , Bruce . 1982 . Keeping a Finger on the Public Pulse: Private Polling and Presidential Elections , 9 – 10 . Westport : Greenwood Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , Lawrence R. and Shapiro , Robert Y. 2000 . Politicians Don't Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , Lawrence R. and Shapiro , Robert Y. Politicians Don't Pander 321
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , Robert Y. and Jacobs , Lawrence R. 2001 . “Source Material: Presidents and Polling: Politicians, Pandering, and the Study of Democratic Responsiveness,” . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 31 : 150 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Sabato , Larry . 1981 . The Rise of Political Consultants , 73 New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Boggart , Leo . 1998 . “Politics, Polls, and Poltergeists,” . Society , 35 May/June : 8 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter , Kurt W. 1980 . “American Political Rhetoric and the Jeremiad Tradition: Presidential Nomination Acceptance Addresses, 1960\1976,” . Central States Speech Journal , 31 : 153 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritter , Kurt and Henry , David . 1992 . Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator , New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuckey , Mary E. 1989 . Getting into the Game: The Pre‐Presidential Rhetoric of Ronald Reagan , 60 New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , David M. 1995 . The Superpollsters: How they Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America , 204 New York : Four Walls Eight Windows .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , Roland . 1984 . Hidden Power , 102 New York : Beaufort Books, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal , Sidney . 1981 . “Marketing the President,” . New York Times Magazine , September 13 : 41 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradburn , Norman M. and Sudman , Seymour . 1988 . Polls and Surveys , 48 San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• White , John Kenneth . 1988 . The New Politics of Old Values , 7 – 22 . Hanover : The University Press of New England .
   Google Scholar
• Ritter . 1996 . “American Political Rhetoric and the Jeremiad Tradition,” and The Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address Since 1980: An Evolving American Jeremiad,” . In Generic Criticism of American Public Address , Edited by: Cali , Dennis D. 201 – 210 . Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• Scheele , Henry Z. 1984 . “Ronald Reagan's 1980 Acceptance Address: A Focus on American Values,” . Western Journal of Communication , 48 : 51 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , Thomas Jr. 1984 . “Reagan's “New Beginning”: Is it the New Deal of the Eighties?” . Southern Communication Journal , 49 : 198 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Stuckey . Getting into the Game 60 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Muir , William K. Jr. “Ronald Reagan: The Primacy of Rhetoric,” . In Leadership in the Modern Presidency , Edited by: Greenstein , Fred I. 262 Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hannaford , Peter . 1983 . The Reagans: A Political Portrait , 257 New York : Coward‐McCann, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• DeFrank , Thomas M. , Clift , Eleanor , Beachy , Lucille , Barnathan , Joyce and Smith , Vern E. , eds. 1985 . “Voters are Looking for a Leader,” . In The Quest for the Presidency 1984 , 377 – 383 . Toronto : Bantam Books . Wirthlin memorandum, June, 1980
   Google Scholar
• Moore , David W. The SuperPollsters 205
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . “Face Off: A Conversation with the Presidents’ Pollsters Patrick Caddell and Richard Wirthlin,” . Public Opinion , 3 : 2 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Stuckey , Mary . Getting into the Game 127 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , Michael Calvin . 1980 . “The ‘Ideograph'; A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 66 : 15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheele , Henry Z. “Ronald Reagan's 1980 Acceptance Address,” . Western Journal of Communication , 59
   Google Scholar
• Medhurst , Martin J. 1984 . “Postponing the Social Agenda: Reagan's Strategy and Tactics,” . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 48 : 262 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Craig R. 1979 . “Ronald Reagan's Attempt to Build a National Majority,” . Central States Speech Journal , 30 : 96 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , Roland . Hidden Power 115
   Google Scholar
• Scheele , Henry Z. “Ronald Reagan's 1980 Acceptance Address: A Focus on American Values,” . 58
   Google Scholar
• Stuckey , Mary . Getting into the Game 127 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Clift , Eleanor , Beachy , Lucille , Barnathan , Joyce and Smith , Vern E. The Quest for the Presidency 1984 456
   Google Scholar
• White , John Kenneth . The New Politics of Old Values 54
   Google Scholar
• Wirthlin , Richard B. 1981 . “The Final Report of the Initial Actions Project,” . January 29 : II
   Google Scholar
• White , John Kenneth . The New Politics of Old Values 54
   Google Scholar
• Levy , Mark R. 1984 . “Polling and the Presidential Election,” . Annals of the American Academy for Political and Social Science , 472 : 85 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polsby , Nelson W. and Wildavsky , Aaron . Presidential Elections: Strategies and Structures in American Politics 211
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , Andrew . 1987 . “Political Marketing; Campaigning to Instant Responses,” . New York Times , July 25 section 1, 9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 1988 . Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan Book II—June 29 to December 31, 1985 , 1411 – 1415 . Washington, DC : United States Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Medhurst , Martin J. “Writing Speeches for Ronald Reagan,” . 253 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , John M. 1999 . “Accounting for Clinton,” . Rhetoric and Public Affairs , 2 : 653 – 698 .
   Google Scholar
• Cicero , Marcus Tulius . 1960 . De Inventione , Edited by: Hubbell , H.M. 19 Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , Stephen . 1998 . “The Rhetorical Ancestry of the Declaration of Independence,” . Rhetoric and Public Affairs , 1 : 146
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , Maralee . 1987 . “Reagan's Pollster Joins Dole's Camp,” . The Washington Post , October 22 : A10
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser , Robert G. 1982 . “White House Pulse‐Taking Pollster; Wirthlin Reaps Spoils, Pain of Fame,” . The Washington Post , 24 February : A1
   Google Scholar
• Perry , James M. 1994 . “Clinton Relies Heavily on White House Pollster to Take Words Right Out of the Public's Mouth,” . Wall Street Journal , March 23 : 16 Section A
   Google Scholar
• Neustadt , Richard E. 1990 . Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan , 11 New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neustadt . Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents 47
   Google Scholar
• Morris , Dick . 1999 . Behind the Oval Office , New York, New York : xyz .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , Jeffrey E. 1997 . Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy‐Making , 233 Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• de Tocqueville , Alexis . 1988 . Democracy in America , Edited by: Lawrence , George and Mayer , J. P. 625 New York : Harper Perennial .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . Politicians Don't Pander 323
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . Politicians Don't Pander 339
   Google Scholar
• Scott , Robert L. 1967 . “On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic,” . Central States Speech Journal , 18 : 9 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . Politicians Don't Pander 309
   Google Scholar
• Denton , Robert E. Jr. 2000 . “Rhetorical Challenges to the Presidency,” . Rhetoric and Public Address , 3 : 445 – 451 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . Politicians Don't Pander 298
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs and Shapiro . Politicians Don't Pander 326
   Google Scholar