“Help, I’m Getting Bullied”: Examining Sequences of Teacher Support Messages Provided to Bullied Students

References

• Alderman, G. L., & Green, S. K. (2011). Social powers and effective classroom management. Intervention in School and Clinic, 47, 39–44. doi:10.1177/1053451211406543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelow, B. J., Tesson, G., & Lewko, J. H. (1992). The social rules that children use: Close friends, other friends, and “other kids” compared to parents, teachers, and siblings. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 315–335. doi:10.1177/016502549201500303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., O’Brennan, L. M., & Gulemetova, M. (2011). Findings from the National Education Association’s nationwide study of bullying: Teachers’ and education support professionals’ perspectives. National Education Association. Retrieved from https://www.nea.org/assets/docs/2010_Survey.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brewster, A. B., & Bowen, G. L. (2004). Teacher support and the school engagement of Latino middle and high school students at risk of school failure. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 21(1), 47–67. doi:10.1023/b:casw.0000012348.83939.6b
   Google Scholar
• Brock, R. L., & Lawrence, E. (2008). A longitudinal investigation of stress spillover in marriage: Does spousal support adequacy buffer the effects? Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 11–20. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (2003). Emotional support skills. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 551–594). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Anderson & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 245–280). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & Samter, W. (1990). Effects of cognitive complexity on the perceived importance of communication skills in friends. Communication Research, 17(2), 165–182. doi:10.1177/009365090017002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2016). Understanding Bullying. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying_factsheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners‐Burrow, N. A., Johnson, D. L., Whiteside‐Mansell, L., McKelvey, L., & Gargus, R. A. (2009). Adults matter: Protecting children from the negative impacts of bullying. Psychology in the Schools, 46(7), 593–604. doi:10.1002/pits.20400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona, C. E. (1990). Stress and social support-in search of optimal matching. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 3–14. doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319–366). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cutrona, C. E., & Suhr, J. A. (1992). Controllability of stressful events and satisfaction with spouse support behaviors. Communication Research, 19(2), 154–174. doi:10.1177/009365092019002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielson, C. M., & Emmers-Sommer, T. M. (2017). “She stopped me from killing myself”: Bullied bloggers’ coping behaviors and support sources. Health Communication, 32, 977–986. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1196419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, L. M., & Demaray, M. K. (2007). Social support as a moderator between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 383–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNicola, G., Julian, L., Gregorich, S. E., Blanc, P. D., & Katz, P. P. (2013). The role of social support in anxiety for persons with COPD. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 74, 110–115. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, B. (2009). Testing an integrated model of advice giving in supportive interactions. Human Communication Research, 35(1), 115–129. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.01340.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, B. (2014). When should advice be given? Assessing the role of sequential placement of advice in supportive interactions in two cultures. Communication Research, 41(7), 913–934. doi:10.1177/0093650212456203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, B., & Burleson, B. R. (2006). Exploring the support seeking process across cultures: Toward an integrated analysis of similarities and differences. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 29, 243–266.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, B., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2006). Predicting receptiveness to advice: Characteristics of the problem, the advice-giver, and the recipient. Southern Communication Journal, 71(1), 67–85. doi:10.1080/10417940500503548
   Google Scholar
• Flaspohler, P. D., Elfstrom, J. L., Vanderzee, K. L., Sink, H. E., & Birchmeier, Z. (2009). Stand by me: The effects of peer and teacher support in mitigating the impact of bullying on quality of life. Psychology in the Schools, 46(7), 636–649. doi:10.1002/pits.20404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, Z. W., & Goodboy, A. K. (2014). Making students feel better: Examining the relationships between teacher confirmation and college students’ emotional outcomes. Communication Education, 63(3), 259–277. doi:10.1080/03634523.2014.920091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., McDermott, V. M., & Alexander, S. C. (2000). Helpful, supportive and sensitive: Measuring the evaluation of enacted social support in personal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(3), 369–391. doi:10.1177/0265407500173004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (2003). Working with emotions in psychotherapy (Vol. 13). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heritage, J., & Sefi, S. (1992). Dilemmas of advice. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings (pp. 359–417). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holmstrom, A. J., & Burleson, B. R. (2011). An initial test of a cognitive-emotional theory of esteem support messages. Communication Research, 38(3), 326–355. doi:10.1177/0093650210376191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, S. C., & Borg, M. G. (2006). The influence of emotional reaction on help seeking by victims of school bullying. Educational Psychology, 26(6), 813–826. doi:10.1080/01443410600941946
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, S. C., Mora-Merchan, J., & Ortega, R. (2004). The long-term effects of coping strategy use in victims of bullying. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 3–12. doi:10.1017/S1138741600004704
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson, D. E. (1986). Types and timing of social support. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 250–264. doi:10.2307/2136745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Bodie, G. D. (2014). Supportive communication. In C. R. Berger (Ed.), Handbooks of communication science: Interpersonal communication (Vol. 6, pp. 371–394). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Wirtz, J. G. (2006). How does the comforting process work? An empirical test of an appraisal‐based model of comforting. Human Communication Research, 32(3), 217–243. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00274.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafetsios, K., & Nezlek, J. B. (2012). Emotion and support perceptions in everyday social interaction: Testing the “less is more” hypothesis in two cultures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 165–184. doi:10.1177/0265407511420194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analysis: A researcher’s handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Skinner, K. (2002). Children’s coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization? Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 267–278. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.2.267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutner, J., Kilbourn, K. M., Costenaro, A., Lee, C. A., Nowels, C., Vancura, J. L., … Keech, T. E. (2009). Support needs of informal hospice caregivers: A qualitative study. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12, 1101–1104. doi:10.1089/jpm.2009.0178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman, D. R., & Hemphill, K. J. (1990). Recipients’ perceptions of support attempts and attributions for support attempts that fail. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(4), 563–574. doi:10.1177/0265407590074012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Burleson, B. R. (2011). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 317–354). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Guntzviller, L. M. (2016). Advice: Expanding the communication paradigm. In E. L. Cohen (Ed.), Communication Yearbook (Vol. 40, pp. 213–244). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Lichtman, R. M., & Pressey, L. C. (2002). The evaluation of advice in supportive interactions: Facework and contextual factors. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 451–463. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00815.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, A., Skinner, M. W., & Low, E. (2012). Supporting hospice volunteers and caregivers through community-based participatory research. Health & Social Care in the Community, 20, 190–198. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01030.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2003). What type of support do they need? Investigating student adjustment as related to emotional, informational, appraisal, and instrumental support. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(3), 231–252. doi:10.1521/scpq.18.3.231.22576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, M. (2010). Testing a mediational model of bullied victims’ evaluation of received support and post-bullying adaptation: A Japan-U.S. cross-cultural comparison. Communication Monographs, 77(3), 312–340. doi:10.1080/0363775100378235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, M. (2011). Underlying circuits of social support for bullied victims: An appraisal-based perspective on supportive communication and postbullying adjustment. Human Communication Research, 37(2), 174–206. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01398.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihalas, S. T., Witherspoon, R. G., Harper, M. E., & Sovran, B. A. (2012). The moderating effect of teacher support on depression and relational victimization in minority middle school students. International Journal Of Whole Schooling, 8(1), 40–62.
   Google Scholar
• Mishna, F. (2004). A qualitative study of bullying from multiple perspectives. Children & Schools, 26(4), 234–247. doi:10.1093/cs/26.4.234
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES). (2015). Student reports of bullying and cyber-bullying: Results from the 2013 school crime supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. US Department of Education. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2015056
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 955–979. doi:10.1348/096317909X481256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi, S., Diener, E., Choi, D. W., Kim-Prieto, C., & Choi, I. (2007). The dynamics of daily events and well-being across cultures: When less is more. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 685–698. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• PACER. (2017). Pacer’s national bullying prevention center. Retrieved from http://www.pacer.org/bullying/
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, J. S., & Perrin, N. A. (2004). Mismatches in social support and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer. Health Psychology, 23, 425–430. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiner, B. (2015). Kentucky judges take up question of whether teachers can be negligent in bullying-suicide case. U.S. News. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2015/03/25/kentucky-judges-ponder-case-of-school-bullying-suicide
   Google Scholar
• Shelley, D., & Craig, W. M. (2009). Attributions and coping styles in reducing victimization. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25, 84–100. doi:10.1177/0829573509357067
   Google Scholar
• Siewert, K., Antoniw, K., Kubiak, T., & Weber, H. (2011). The more the better? The relationship between mismatches in social support and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 621–631. doi:10.1177/1359105310385366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. K., Talamelli, L., Cowie, H., Naylor, P., & Chauhan, P. (2004). Profiles of non‐victims, escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims of school bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(4), 565–581. doi:10.1348/0007099042376427
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New York, NY: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Tenenbaum, L. S., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., & Parris, L. (2011). Coping strategies and perceived effectiveness in fourth through eighth grade victims of bullying. School Psychology International, 32(3), 263–287. doi:10.1177/0143034311402309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vehviläinen, S. (2001). Evaluative advice in educational counseling: The use of disagreement in the “stepwise entry” to advice. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 34, 371–398. doi:10.1207/S15327973RLSI34-3_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 558–588. doi:10.1086/229572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfson, A. (2015). Are schools liable in suicides? Ky. high court hears case. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/23/school-suicides/25215371/
   Google Scholar
• Workplace Bullying Institute. (2017). Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.workplacebullying.org/individuals/solutions/wbi-action-plan/
   Google Scholar
• Wright, K. B., & Miller, C. H. (2010). A measure of weak-tie/strong-tie support network preference. Communication Monographs, 77(4), 500–517. doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.502538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar