Beyond Plain Language: A Learner-Centered Approach to Pattern Jury Instructions

REFERENCES

• McKeon , R. and Aristotle . 2001 . The basic works of Aristotle Edited by: Ross , W. D. 689 – 934 . New York : Random House. . Metaphysics
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , N. , Harvey , S. and Semmler , C. 2004 . Improving comprehension of jury instructions with audio-visual presentation. . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 765 – 776 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. S. , Collins , A. and Duguid , P. 1989 . Situated cognition and the culture of learning. . Educational Researcher , 18 ( 1 ) : 32 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Burnett , R. E. 2005 . Technical Communication, , 6th ed. Boston, MA : Thompson Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Charrow , R. P. and Charrow , V. R. 1979 . Making legal language understandable: A psycholinguistic study of jury instructions. . Columbia Law Review , 79 : 1306 – 1374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , S. 1994 . Capital confusion: The effect of jury instructions on the decision to impose death. . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 85 : 532 – 561 .
   Google Scholar
• Devitt , A. J. , Bawarshi , A. and Reiff , M. J. 2003 . Materiality and genre in the study of discourse communities. . College English , 65 : 541 – 558 . (5)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , S. S. 1993 . Instructing on death: Psychologists, juries, and judges. . American Psychologist , 48 : 423 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , S. S. and Levi , J. N. 1996 . Improving decisions on death by revising and testing jury instructions. . Judicature , 79 : 224 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. 1989 . Are twelve heads better than one? . Law and Contemporary Problems , 52 : 205 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Elwork , A. , Sales , B. D. and Alfini , J. J. 1982 . Making jury instructions understandable Charlottesville, VA : Michie. .
   Google Scholar
• English , P. W. and Sales , B. D. 1997 . A ceiling or consistency effect for the comprehension of jury instructions. . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 3 : 381 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel , N. J. 1995 . Commonsense justice: Jurors' notions of the law Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Hastie , R. , Penrod , S. D. and Pennington , N. 1983 . Inside the jury Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Huckin , T. N. , Curtin , E. H. and Graham , D. 1991 . “ Prescriptive linguistics and plain English: The case of “whiz-deletions.” . In Plain language: Principles and practice Edited by: Steinberg , E. R. 67 – 80 . Detroit, MI : Wayne State University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Lave , J. and Wenger , E. 1991 . Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield , R. 1991 . “ Deriving standards of competence ” . In Development of assessable standards for national certification Edited by: Fennel , E. 38 – 57 . London : Department for Education and Employment. .
   Google Scholar
• Mazur , B. 2000 . Revisiting plain language. . Technical Communication , 47 : 205 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellinkoff , D. 1982 . Legal writing: Sense and nonsense New York : Scribner. .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , J. E. 1997 . Flipping and spinning: Spatial transformation procedures in the identification of rotated natural objects. . Memory & Cognition , 25 : 96 – 105 . (1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieland , R. G. 1978 . Assessing the impact of pattern jury instructions. . Judicature , 62 : 185 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Otto , C. W. , Applegate , B. K. and Davis , R. K. 2007 . Improving comprehension of capital sentencing instructions: Debunking juror misconceptions. . Crime & Delinquency , 53 : 502 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2008 . Plain Language in Government Communications Act of 2008, H.R. 3548, 110th Congress, 2nd Sess
   Google Scholar
• Redish , J. C. 1985 . “ The Plain English movement ” . In The English language today Edited by: Greenbaum , S. 125 – 138 . New York : Pergamon Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Redish , J. C. and Rosen , C. 1991 . “ Can guidelines help writers? ” . In Plain language: Principles and practice Edited by: Steinbery , E. 83 – 92 . Detroit : Wayne State University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Reifman , A. , Gusick , S. M. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1992 . Real jurors' understanding of the law in real cases. . Law and Human Behavior , 16 : 539 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriver , K. A. 1997 . Dynamics in document design New York : John Wiley & Sons. .
   Google Scholar
• Severance , L. J. , Greene , E. and Loftus , E. F. 1984 . Toward criminal jury instructions that jurors can understand. . Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology , 75 : 198 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severance , L. J. and Loftus , E. F. 1982 . Improving the ability of jurors to comprehend and apply criminal jury instructions. . Law and Society Review , 17 : 153 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , V. L. 1991 . Prototypes in the courtroom: Lay representations of legal concepts. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 : 857 – 872 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spackman , M. P. , Belcher , J. C. , Calapp , J. W. and Taylor , A. 2002 . An analysis of the effects of subjective and objective instruction forms on mock-juries' murder/manslaughter distinctions. . Law and Human Behavior , 26 : 605 – 623 .
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. S. 1978 . Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Wiener , R. L. , Pritchard , C. C. and Weston , M. 1995 . Comprehensibility of approved jury instructions in capital murder cases. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 80 : 455 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsor , D. A. 1990 . Engineering writing/Writing engineering. . College Composition and Communication , 41 : 58 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wydick , R. 1994 . Plain English for lawyers Durham, NC : Carolina Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar