505
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

System and Information Qualities in Mobile Fitness Apps and Their Effects on User Behavior and Performance

, , &

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1969). The prediction of behavioral intentions in a choice situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5(4), 400–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(69)90033-X
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  • Annesi, J. J. (2002). Goal-setting protocol in adherence to exercise by Italian adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94(2), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.453
  • Appbrain. (2020). Top categories. Retrieved August, 31, 2020, from https://www.appbrain.com/stats/android-market-app-categories
  • Armitage, C. J. (2005). Can the theory of planned behavior predict the maintenance of physical activity? Health Psychology, 24(3), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.235
  • Attig, C., & Franke, T. (2020). Abandonment of personal quantification: A review and empirical study investigating reasons for wearable activity tracking attrition. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.08.025
  • Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(5), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017
  • Barkley, J. E., Lepp, A., Santo, A., Glickman, E., & Dowdell, B. (2020). The relationship between fitness app use and physical activity behavior is mediated by exercise identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106313
  • Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert. Menlo Park, 84(1480), 10–1097. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED384695.pdf#page=130
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
  • Bhatnagar, P (2021). People are breaking up with their Pelotons. CNN Business. Retrieved August, 31, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/10/business/peloton-breakup/index.html
  • Bitrián, P, Buil, I., & Catalán, S. (2021). Making finance fun: The gamification of personal financial management apps. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(7), 1310–1332. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-02-2021-0074
  • Bort-Roig, J., Gilson, N. D., Puig-Ribera, A., Contreras, R. S., & Trost, S. G. (2014). Measuring and influencing physical activity with smartphone technology: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 44(5), 671–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0142-5
  • Burger, J. L., Parker, K., Cason, L., Hauck, S., Kaetzel, D., O’Nan, C., & White, A. (2010). Responses to work complexity: The novice to expert effect. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32(4), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945909355149
  • Bursali, N., & Öz, H. (2018). The role of goal setting in metacognitive awareness as a self-regulatory behavior in foreign language learning. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 5(3), 662–671. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED585761.pdf
  • Burton-Jones, A., & Straub, D. W. (2006). Reconceptualizing system usage: An approach and empirical test. Information Systems Research, 17(3), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1060.0096
  • Burton, D., Pickering, M., Weinberg, R., Yukelson, D., & Weigand, D. (2010). The competitive goal effectiveness paradox revisited: Examining the goal practices of prospective Olympic athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903403232
  • Burton, D., & Weiss, C. (2008). The fundamental goal concept: The path to process and performance success. In Advances in sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 339–376). Human Kinetics.
  • Busch, L., Schücker, L., Utesch, T., & Strauss, B. (2021). Risk and trust in self-tracking via fitness apps. In Trust and communication (pp. 253–271). Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-72945-5
  • Chan, Y. E. (2000). IT value: The great divide between qualitative and quantitative and individual and organizational measures. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16(4), 225–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2000.11518272
  • Chiu, W., Cho, H., & Chi, C. G. (2021). Consumers’ continuance intention to use fitness and health apps: An integration of the expectation–confirmation model and investment model. Information Technology & People. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITP-09-2019-0463/full/html
  • Conn, V. S., Hafdahl, A. R., & Mehr, D. R. (2011). Interventions to increase physical activity among healthy adults: Meta-analysis of outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 101(4), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.194381
  • Consolvo, S., Everitt, K., Smith, I., & Landay, J. A (2006). Design requirements for technologies that encourage physical activity. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems - CHI ’06, 457–466.
  • Consolvo, S., Klasnja, P., McDonald, D. W., & Landay, J. A (2009). Goal-setting considerations for persuasive technologies that encourage physical activity. In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on persuasive technology - Persuasive ’09 (p. 1). ACM Press.
  • Courtney, K. L., Alexander, G. L., & Demiris, G. (2008). Information technology from novice to expert: Implementation implications. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(6), 692–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00829.x
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
  • Daly, T. M., & Nataraajan, R. (2015). Swapping bricks for clicks: Crowdsourcing longitudinal data on Amazon Turk. Journal of Business Research, 68(12), 2603–2609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.001
  • Davis, F. D (1985). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results [Doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (1992). Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, 3(1), 60–95. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.3.1.60
  • Devaraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2003). Performance impacts of information technology: Is actual usage the missing link? Management Science, 49(3), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.49.3.273.12736
  • Dhiman, N., Arora, N., Dogra, N., & Gupta, A. (2019). Consumer adoption of smartphone fitness apps: An extended UTAUT2 perspective. Journal of Indian Business Research, 12(3), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIBR-05-2018-0158
  • Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent partial least squares path modeling. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 39(2), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.2.02
  • Dimock, M. (2019). Defining generations: where millennials end and generation Z begins. Pew Research. Retrieved August, 31, 2019, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/
  • Doll, W. J., & Torkzadeh, G. (1998). Developing a multidimensional measure of system-use in an organizational context. Information and Management, 33(4), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00028-7
  • Duhigg, C. (2012). The power of habit: Why we do what we do in life and business. Random House Publishing Group.
  • Eadicicco, L., & Leswing, K. (2020). Steve jobs nailed these predictions about technology over 20 years ago. Retrieved August, 31, 2019, from https://www.businessinsider.com/nine-predictions-about-the-internet-steve-jobs-nailed-20-years-ago-2016-3
  • Elavsky, S., Smahel, D., & Machackova, H. (2017). Who are mobile app users from healthy lifestyle websites? Analysis of patterns of app use and user characteristics. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7(4), 891–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0525-x
  • EMarketer. (2014). Mobile users get in shape with fitness apps - eMarketer. Retrieved August, 31, 2019, from http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Mobile-Users-Shape-with-Fitness-Apps/1010795
  • Erez, M. (1977). Feedback: A necessary condition for the goal setting-performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(5), 624–627. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.62.5.624
  • Fanning, J., Mullen, S., & McAuley, E. (2012). Increasing physical activity with mobile devices: A meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 4(6), e161. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2171
  • Farooq, R., & Sultana, A. (2021). The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on work from home and employee productivity. Measuring Business Excellence. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-12-2020-0173
  • Flores, A., Hall, B., Carter, L., Lanum, M., Narahari, R., & Goodman, G. (2021November). Verum fitness: An AI powered mobile fitness safety and improvement application. In 2021 IEEE 33rd international conference on tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) (pp. 980–984). IEEE.
  • Forsgren, N., Durcikova, A., Clay, P. F., & Wang, X. (2016). The integrated user satisfaction model: Assessing information quality and system quality as second-order constructs in system administration. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 38, 803–839. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03839
  • Fritz, T., Huang, E. M., Murphy, G. C., & Zimmermann, T (2014). Persuasive technology in the real world: A study of long-term use of activity sensing devices for fitness. In CHI ’14 proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems.
  • Gargano, A., & Rossi, A. G. (2020). Goal setting and saving in the fintech era. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3579275
  • Gefen, D., Rigdon, E. E., & Straub, D. (2011). Editor’s comments: An update and extension to SEM guidelines for administrative and social science research. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), iii–xiv. https://doi.org/10.2307/23044042
  • Gorla, N., Somers, T. M., & Wong, B. (2010). Organizational impact of system quality, information quality, and service quality. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 19(3), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2010.05.001
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications.
  • Handoko, E., Gronseth, S. L., McNeil, S. G., Bonk, C. J., & Robin, B. R. (2019). Goal setting and MOOC completion: A study on the role of self-regulated learning in student performance in massive open online courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i4.4270
  • Hargreaves, J., & Lane, D. (2001). Delya’s story: From expert to novice, a critique of Benner’s concept of context in the development of expert nursing practice. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(4), 389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(00)00091-2
  • Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?hl=en&publication_year=1976&author=H.+H.+Harman&title=Modern+factor+analysis
  • Hauser, D. J., & Schwarz, N. (2016). Attentive turkers: MTurk participants perform better on online attention checks than do subject pool participants. Behavior Research Methods, 48(1), 400–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0578-z
  • Higgins, J. P. (2016). Smartphone applications for patients’ health and fitness. The American Journal of Medicine, 129(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.038
  • Huang, C. K., Chen, C. D., & Liu, Y. T. (2019). To stay or not to stay? Discontinuance intention of gamification apps. Information Technology & People, 32(6), 1423–1445. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-08-2017-0271
  • Huang, G., & Ren, Y. (2020). Linking technological functions of fitness mobile apps with continuance usage among Chinese users: Moderating role of exercise self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 103, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.013
  • Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1086/376806
  • Jia, R., Steelman, Z. R., & Reich, B. H. (2017). Using mechanical Turk data in IS research: Risks, rewards, and recommendations. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 41(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.04114
  • Jossa-Bastidas, O., Zahia, S., Fuente-Vidal, A., Sánchez Férez, N., Roda Noguera, O., Montane, J., & Garcia-Zapirain, B. (2021). Predicting physical exercise adherence in fitness apps using a deep learning approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010769
  • Katheeri, H. A (2020July). The adoption of mhealth apps testing the UTAUT model with gamification impact. In International conference on applied human factors and ergonomics (pp. 253–259). Springer.
  • Khakurel, J., Melkas, H., & Porras, J. (2018). Tapping into the wearable device revolution in the work environment: A systematic review. Information Technology & People, 31(3), 791–818. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-03-2017-0076
  • Kim, Y.-J., Jung, J., & Lee, E.-J. (2011). What drives the adoption and use of smartphone applications. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 55(6), 227–252. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01757398
  • Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJEC), 11(4), 1–10. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
  • Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00302
  • Kyllo, L. B., & Landers, D. M. (1995). Goal setting in sport and exercise - A research synthesis to resolve the controversy. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(2), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.2.117
  • LaPorte, R. E., & Nath, R. (1976). Role of performance goals in prose learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(3), 260–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.68.3.260
  • Latham, G. P., & Yukl, G. A. (1975). A review of research on the application of goal setting in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 18(4), 824–845. https://doi.org/10.2307/255381
  • Latif, H., Watson, K., Nguyen, N., Thompson, D., Baranowski, J., Jago, R., Cullen, K. W., & Baranowski, T. (2011). Effects of goal setting on dietary and physical activity changes in the boy scout badge projects. Health Education & Behavior : The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 38(5), 260–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110385774
  • Lee, H. E., & Cho, J. (2017). What motivates users to continue using diet and fitness apps? Application of the uses and gratifications approach. Health Communication, 32(12), 1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1167998
  • Lim, J. S., & Noh, G. Y. (2017). Effects of gain-versus loss-framed performance feedback on the use of fitness apps: Mediating role of exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations of exercise. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.006
  • Locke, E. A. (1996). Motivation through conscious goal setting. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5(2), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(96)80005-9
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Prentice-Hall. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-97846-000?cid=SEM_DIR0016&con=13833&pkw=morningstar25252525252525252520direct&elqCampaignId=6282&prd=cloud&cap=research252525252525252520portal
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. Retrieved August 30, 2020, from http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2200/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9eb09153-31ea-41ac-acb7-39d4daa4b34b%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=101
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00449.x
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2019). The development of goal setting theory: A half century retrospective. Motivation Science, 5(2), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000127
  • Lohmoller, J. B. (1989). Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares. Physica-Verlag.
  • Loock, C. M., Staake, T., & Thiesse, F. (2013). Motivating energy-efficient behavior with green IS: An investigation of goal setting and the role of defaults. MIS Quarterly, 37(4), 1313–1332. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.4.15
  • Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 57(2), 123–146. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2014.2312452
  • Maher, C., Ryan, J., Ambrosi, C., & Edney, S. (2017). Users’ experiences of wearable activity trackers: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4888-1
  • McCarthy, J. (2019December11). One in five U.S. adults use health apps, wearable trackers. Retrieved August 31, 2021, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/269096/one-five-adults-health-apps-wearable-trackers.aspx
  • Menaspà, P. (2015). Effortless activity tracking with Google Fit. British Journal Of Sports Medicine, 49(24), 1598. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094925
  • Middelweerd, A., Mollee, J. S., van der Wal, C., Brug, J., & te Velde, S. J. (2014). Apps to promote physical activity among adults: A review and content analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0097-9
  • Miller, K. H., Ogletree, R. J., & Welshimer, K. (2002). Impact of activity behaviors on physical activity identity and self-efficacy. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26(5), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.26.5.1
  • Moore, G. C., & Benbasat, I. (1991). Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 192–222. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.3.192
  • Munson, S. A., & Consolvo, S (2012). Exploring goal-setting, rewards, self-monitoring, and sharing to motivate physical activity. In 2012 6th international conference on pervasive computing technologies for healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and workshops (pp. 25–32). IEEE.
  • Murnane, E. L., Huffaker, D., & Kossinets, G. (2015September). Mobile health apps: Adoption, adherence, and abandonment. In Adjunct proceedings of the 2015 ACM international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing and proceedings of the 2015 ACM international symposium on wearable computers (pp. 261–264).
  • Nicolaou, A. I., & McKnight, D. H. (2006). Perceived information quality in data exchanges: Effects on risk, trust, and intention to use. Information Systems Research, 17(4), 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1060.0103
  • Normand, M. P. (2008). Increasing physical activity through self‐monitoring, goal setting, and feedback. Behavioral Interventions: Theory & Practice in Residential & Community-Based Clinical Programs, 23(4), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.267
  • Nushi, M., & Eqbali, M. H. (2017). Duolingo: A mobile application to assist second language learning. Teaching English with Technology, 17(1), 89–98. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1135889.pdf
  • Pearson, G. (2014). The art of planning. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 67(4), 324. https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v67i4.1383
  • Petter, S., DeLone, W., & McLean, E. R. (2013). Information systems success: The quest for the independent variables. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 7–62. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222290401
  • Petter, S., Straub, D., & Rai, A. (2007). Specifying formative constructs in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 31(4), 623–656. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148814
  • Porter, R. L., & Latham, G. P. (2013). The effect of employee learning goals and goal commitment on departmental performance. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812467208
  • Prybutok, G., Ta, A. V., Liu, X., & Prybutok, V. (2020). An integrated structural equation model of ehealth behavioral intention. International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics (IJHISI), 15(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJHISI.2020010102
  • Raghunathan, S. (1999). Impact of information quality and decision-maker quality on decision quality: A theoretical model and simulation analysis. Decision Support Systems, 26(4), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9236(99)00060-3
  • Reed, K., Doty, D. H., & May, D. R. (2005). The impact of aging on self-efficacy and computer skill acquisition. Journal of Managerial Issues, 17(2), 212–228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604496
  • Ronkko, M., & Evermann, J. (2013). A critical examination of common beliefs about partial least squares path modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 16(3), 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112474693
  • Ronkko, M., McIntosh, C. N., Antonakis, J., & Edwards, J. R. (2016). Partial least squares path modeling: Time for some serious second thoughts. Journal of Operations Management, 47–48(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.05.002
  • Rudnicka, A., Newbold, J. W., Cook, D., Cecchinato, M. E., Gould, S. J. J., & Cox, A. L. (2020). Eworklife: Developing effective strategies for remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic. In The new future of work online symposium. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10106475/
  • Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R., Elder, J. P., Faucher, P., Spry, V. M., Barrington, E., & Hackley, M. (1990). Lifetime history of relapse from exercise. Addictive Behaviors, 15(6), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(90)90059-7
  • Samdal, G. B., Eide, G. E., Barth, T., Williams, G., & Meland, E. (2017). Effective behaviour change techniques for physical activity and healthy eating in overweight and obese adults; systematic review and meta-regression analyses. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0494-y
  • Shilts, M. K., Horowitz, M., & Townsend, M. S. (2004). Goal setting as a strategy for dietary and physical activity behavior change: A review of the literature. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.2.81
  • Statista. (2020). Usage of health apps to track fitness among US adults, by gender 2017.
  • Statista. (2020a). Increased media device usage due to the coronavirus outbreak among internet users worldwide as of March 2020, by country.
  • Statista. (2020b). Number of apps from the Apple App Store 2020.
  • Statista. (2020c). Opinion on going to the gym during coronavirus pandemic in the U.S. 2020.
  • Statista. (2020d). Top health and fitness apps in U.S. by users.
  • Stawarz, K., Cox, A. L., & Blandford, A. (2015April). Beyond self-tracking and reminders: Designing smartphone apps that support habit formation. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2653–2662).
  • Steelman, Z. R., Hammer, B. I., & Limayem, M. (2014). Data collection in the digital age. MIS Quarterly, 38(2), 355–378. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2014/38.2.02
  • Stenstrom, C. H. (1994). Home exercise in rheumatoid arthritis functional class II: Goal setting versus pain attention. Journal of Rheumatology, 21(4), 627–634. https://europepmc.org/article/med/8035384?crsi=6624969164&cicada_org_src=healthwebmagazine.com&cicada_org_mdm=direct&client=bot&client=bot
  • Straub, D., Limayem, M., & Karahanna-Evaristo, E. (1995). Measuring system usage: Implications for IS theory testing. Management Science, 41(8), 1328–1342. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.41.8.1328
  • Tang, J., Abraham, C., Stamp, E., & Greaves, C. (2015). How can weight‐loss app designers’ best engage and support users? A qualitative investigation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12114
  • Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
  • Wang, Y., & Collins, W. B. (2021). Systematic evaluation of mobile fitness apps: Apps as the tutor, recorder, game companion, and cheerleader. Telematics and Informatics, 59, 101552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101552
  • Weinberg, R. S. (2013). Goal setting in sport and exercise: Research and practical applications. Revista da Educação Física/UEM, 24(2), 171–179. https://www.scielo.br/j/refuem/a/Ff3WS4fRNTz6SBBTPXLBzHn/?format=pdf&lang=en
  • Werts, C. E., Linn, R. L., & Jöreskog, K. G. (1974). Intraclass reliability estimates: Testing structural assumption. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33(509), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447403400104
  • Whitt-Glover, M. C., & Kumanyika, S. K. (2010). Systematic review of interventions to increase physical activity and physical fitness in African-Americans. American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(6), S33–56. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.070924101
  • Wixom, B. H., & Todd, P. (2005). A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance. Information Systems Research, 16(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1050.0042
  • World Economic Forum. (2020). The future of jobs report 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.