A Psychoneuroendocrine Perspective on the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome

REFERENCES

• Wolfe F, Smythe H A, Yunus M B, Bennett R M, Bombardier C, Goldenberg D L, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia – report of the multicenter criteria committee. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33(2)160–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson K G, Sorensen J. The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002; 28: 343–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen J, Bengtsson A, Backman E, Henriksson K G, Bengtsson M. Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia—effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine. J Scand Rheumatol 1995; 24: 360–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mense S. Neurobiological concepts of fibromyalgia – the possible role of descending spinal tracts. J Scand Rheumatol 2000; 29: 24–29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell I J. Advances in fibromyalgia: Possible role for central neurochemicals. J Am Med Sci 1998; 315: 377–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson K G. The fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS]. Translating science into clinical practice. J Musculoskelet Pain 2009, in press
   Google Scholar
• Melzack R. From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain 1999; S121–S126, Suppl. 6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett R M, Clark S C, Walczyk J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Am Med 1998; 104: 227–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houdenhove B, Luyten P, Egle U T. Stress as a key-concept in chronic widespread pain and fatigue disorders. J Musculoskelet Pain 2009, in press
   Google Scholar
• Geenen R, Jacobs J WG, Bijlsma J WJ. Evaluation and management of endocrine dysfunction in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002; 28: 389–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griep E N, Boersma J W, de Kloet E R. Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 469–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griep E N, Boersma J W, Lentjes E GWM, Prins A PA, de Kloet E R. Difference in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response pattern in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Fibromyalgia syndrome neuroendocrine perspectives with clinical implications, E N Griep. PhD Thesis, University of Leiden, Leiden 2001; 131–151
   Google Scholar
• Crofford L J, Engleberg N C, Demitrack M A. Neurohormonal perturbations in fibromyalgia. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1996; 10: 365–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeck G, Riedel W. Hormonal pertubations in fibromyalgia syndrome. N Ann Y Acad Sci 1999; 876: 325–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel W, Layka H, Neeck G. Secretory pattern of GH, TSH, thyroid hormones, ACTH, cortisol, FSH, and LH in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome following systemic injection of the relevant hypothalamic-releasing hormones. Z Rheumatol 1998; 57: 81–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraccioli G, Cavalieri F, Salaffi F, Fontana S, Scita F, Nolli M, et al. Neuroendocrinologic findings in primary fibromyalgia (soft-tissue chronic pain syndrome) and in other chronic rheumatic conditions (rheumatoid-arthritis, low-back-pain). J Rheumatol 1990; 17: 869–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griep E N, Boersma J W, Lentjes E, Prins A PA, van der Korst J K, de Kloet E R. Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia and low back pain. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1374–1381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson J I, Pliner L F, Hudson M S, Goldenberg D L, Melby J C. The dexamethasone suppression test in fibrositis. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19: 1489–1493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler G K, Geenen R. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and autonomic nervous system functioning in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005; 31: 187–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme K, Rose U, Pinkpank T, Spies C, Turk D C, Flor H. Psychophysiological responses in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2006; 61: 671–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaeroy H, Qiao Z G, Morkrid L, Forre O. Altered sympathetic nervous-system response in patients with fibromyalgia (fibrositis syndrome). J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 1460–1465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Denderen J C, Boersma J W, Zeinstra P, Hollander A P, Van Neerbos B R. Physiological effects of exhaustive physical exercise in primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS)—is PFS a disorder of neuroendocrine reactivity?. J Scand Rheumatol 1992; 21: 35–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook D B, Nagelkirk P R, Poluri A, Mores J, Natelson B H. The influence of aerobic fitness and fibromyalgia on cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses to exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 3351–3362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Lavin M, Hermosillo A G, Mendoza C, Ortiz R, Cajigas J C, Pineda C, et al. Orthostatic sympathetic derangement in subjects with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 714–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan R, Colombo S, Perego F, Atzeni F, Diana A, Barbic F, et al. Abnormalities of cardiovascular neural control and reduced orthostatic tolerance in patients with primary fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 1787–1793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bou-Holaigah I, Calkins H, Flynn J A, Tunin C, Chang H C, Kan J S, et al. Provocation of hypotension and pain during upright tilt table testing in adults with fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15: 239–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torpy D J, Papanicolaou D A, Lotsikas A J, Wilder R L, Chrousos G P, Pillemer S R. Responses of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to interleukin-6–a pilot study in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 872–880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrousos G P. Neuroendocrine alterations associated with altered sleep, mood, and pain perception. J Musculoskelet Pain 1998; 6: 51–55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: A biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 465–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khasabov S G, Rogers S D, Ghilardi J R, Peters C M, Mantyh P W, Simone D A. Spinal neurons that possess the substance P receptor are required for the development of central sensitization. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 9086–9098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdrey H S, Larsen P J, Harbuz M S, Lightman S L, Jessop D S. Endogenous substance P inhibits the depression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone during a chronic inflammatory stress. Life Sci 1995; 57: 2021–2029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer S R, Bradley L A, Crofford L J, Moldofsky H, Chrousos G P. The neuroscience and endocrinology of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1928–1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kizildere S, Gluck T, Zietz B, Scholmerich J, Straub R H. During a corticotrophin-releasing hormone test in healthy subjects, administration of a beta-adrenergic antagonist induced secretion of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and inhibited secretion of ACTH. J Eur Endocrinol 2003; 148: 45–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lariviere W R, Melzack R. The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor in pain and analgesia. Pain 2000; 84: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel A W, Nickel T, Kunzel H E, Ackl N, Sonntag A, Ising M, et al. Effects of the high-affinity corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: The first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 2000; 34: 171–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg E M. Hypoimmune fatigue syndromes—diseases of the stress response. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 418–421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens C, McGowan L, Dale S. Impact of depression on experimental pain perception: A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 369–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood P B, Patterson J C, Sunderland J J, Tainter K H, Glabus M F, Lilien D L. Reduced presynaptic dopamine activity in fibromyalgia syndrome demonstrated with positron emission tomography: A pilot study. J Pain 2007; 8: 51–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman A J, Myers R R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medications. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2495–2505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Houdenhove B, Neerinckx E, Lysens R, Vertommen H, Van Houdenhove L, Onghena P, et al. Victimization in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia in tertiary care—a controlled study on prevalence and characteristics. Psychosomatics 2001; 42: 21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker E A, Keegan D, Gardner G, Sullivan M, Bernstein D, Katon W J. Psychosocial factors in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: II. Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and neglect. Psychosom Med 1997; 59: 572–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissbecker I, Floyd A, Dedert E, Salmon R, Sephton S. Childhood trauma and diurnal cortisol disruption in fibromyalgia syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 312–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White K P, Nielson W R, Harth M, Ostbye T, Speechley M. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain with or without fibromyalgia: Psychological distress in a representative community adult sample. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 588–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis S N, Mann S, Galassetti P, Neill R A, Tate D, Ertl A C, et al. Effects of differing durations of antecedent hypoglycemia on counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in normal humans. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1897–1903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benschop R J, Brosschot J F, Godaert G LR, Desmet M BM, Geenen R, Olff M, et al. Chronic stress affects immunological but not cardiovascular responsiveness to acute psychological stress in humans. J Am Physiol 1994; 266: R75–R80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geenen R. The pain is all in the brain. NFA's Fibromyalgia Online Newsletter 2005; 5(9)
   Google Scholar
• Burns J W, Kubilus A, Bruehl S. Emotion induction moderates effects of anger management style on acute pain sensitivity. Pain 2003; 106: 109–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruehl S, Chung O Y, Burns J W. Anger expression and pain: An overview of findings and possible mechanisms. J Behav Med 2006; 29: 593–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertovaara A. Noradrenergic pain modulation. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 80: 53–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Lavin M, Vidal M, Barbosa R E, Pineda C, Casanova J M, Nava A. Norepinephrine-evoked pain in fibromyalgia. A randomized pilot study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2002; 2: 2
   Google Scholar
• Ax A F. The physiological differentiation between fear and anger in humans. Psychosom Med 1953; 15: 433–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerman E B, Goldenberg D L, Brown E N, Maliszewski A M, Adler G K. Circadian rhythms of women with fibromyalgia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1034–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett R M, Clark S R, Campbell S M, Burckhardt C S. Low-Levels of somatomedin C in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome—a possible link between sleep and muscle pain. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 1113–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Lavin M, Hermosillo A G, Rosas M, Soto M E. Circadian studies of autonomic nervous balance in patients with fibromyalgia—a heart rate variability analysis. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1966–1971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman M EP. What you can change and what you can't. Knopf, New York 1994
   Google Scholar
• Staud R, Patel R, Koo E, Robinson M E, Price D D. Opposite effects of isometric exercise on central pain mechanisms in fibromyalgia (FM) patients compared to normal controls (NC). Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: S79–S79
   Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen J WS, Marley S. Cognitive and behavioral factors in fibromyalgia: Mood, goals and stop-rules. J Musculoskelet Pain 2009, in press
   Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen J WS, Kolesnijders A MJ, Boeren R GB, Vaneek H. Fear of movement (Re)injury in chronic low-back-pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995; 62: 363–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishman R K, Jackson E M, Nakamura Y. Influence of fitness and gender on blood pressure responses during active or passive stress. Psychophysiology 2002; 39: 568–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno L M, Moritani T. Effects of long-term exercise training on cardiac autonomic nervous activities and baroreflex sensitivity. J Eur Appl Physiol 2003; 89: 109–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcier K, Stroud L R, Papandonatos G D. Links between physical fitness and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to psychological stressors: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol 2006; 25: 723–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson E M, Dishman R K. Cardiorespiratory fitness and laboratory stress: A meta-regression analysis. Psychophysiology 2006; 43: 57–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geenen R, Jacobs J WG. Fibromyalgia: Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2001; 14: 533–539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg D L, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 2004; 292: 2388–2395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunus M B, Masi A T, Aldag J C. Short-term effects of Ibuprofen in primary fibromyalgia syndrome—a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasi G, Manca S, Manganelli S, Marcolongo R. Tramadol in the fibromyalgia syndrome: A controlled clinical trial versus placebo. J Int Clin Pharmacol Res 1998; 18: 13–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Malley P G, Balden E, Tomkins G, Santoro J, Kroenke K, Jackson J L. Treatment of fibromyalgia with antidepressants—a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15: 659–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold L M, Keck P E, Welge J A. Antidepressant treatment of fibromyalgia. A meta-analysis and review. Psychosomatics 2000; 41: 104–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carette S, Bell M J, Reynolds W J, Haraoui B, McCain G A, Bykerk V P, et al. Comparison of amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, and placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia—a randomized, double-blind clinical-trial. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 32–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold L M. Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia—new therapies in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8(4)212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossy L A, Buckelew S P, Dorr N, Hagglund K J, Thayer J F, McIntosh M J, et al. A meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions. Ann Behav Med 1999; 21: 180–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannerkorpi K. Exercise in fibromyalgia. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 190–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim J, Adams N. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of nonpharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia. J Clin Pain 2002; 18: 324–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith R L, Bloomfield D M, Rosenwinkel E T. Exercise and autonomic function. Coron Artery Dis 2000; 11: 129–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iellamo F, Legramante J M, Pigozzi F, Spataro A, Norbiato G, Lucini D, et al. Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation 2002; 105: 2719–2724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon P. Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: A unifying theory. Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21: 33–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stathopoulou G, Powers M B, Berry A C, Smits J AJ, Otto M W. Exercise interventions for mental health: A quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2006; 13: 179–193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishith P, Duntley S P, Domitrovich P P, Uhles M L, Cook B J, Stein P K. Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on heart rate variability during REM sleep in female rape victims with PTSD. J Trauma Stress 2003; 16: 247–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara M, Takeuchi S, Hayano J. Effect of relaxation training on cardiac parasympathetic tone. Psychophysiology 1994; 31: 223–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishima N, Kubota S, Nagata S. Psychophysiological correlates of relaxation induced by standard autogenic training. Psychother Psychosom 1999; 68: 207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucini D, Riva S, Pizzinelli P, Pagani M. Stress management at the worksite–reversal of symptoms profile and cardiovascular dysregulation. Hypertension 2007; 49: 291–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett R, Nelson D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for fibromyalgia. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatal 2006; 2: 416–424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Koulil S, Effting M, Kraaimaat F W, Van Lankveld W, Van Helmond T, Cats H, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapies and exercise programmes for patients with fibromyalgia: State of the art and future directions. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 571–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk D C, Okifuji A. Pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2: 109–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar