"Connecting" and "Disconnecting" With Civic Life: Patterns of Internet Use and the Production of Social Capital

References

• Fischer , C. , Jackson , R. M. , Stueve , C. A. , Gerson , K. , Jones , L. M. and Baldassare , M. 1977 . Networks and places: Social relations in the urban setting , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, R. (1979). Political participation and the neighborhood social context American Jour nal of Political Science, 23, 579-592.
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt , R. , Beck , P. A. , Dalton , R. J. and Levine , J. 1995 . Political environments, cohesive social groups, and the communication of public opinion . American Journal of Political Sci ence , 39 : 1025 – 1054 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern , M. 1997 . Social capital and citizen interpretation of political ads, news, and Web site information in the 1996 presidential election . American Behavioral Scientist , 40 : 1238 – 1249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohut, A. (1994). The role of technology in American life. Los Angeles: Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen , B. 1991 . Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations: The phenomenol ogy of being in a group . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 27 : 297 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rheingold , H. 1993 . The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , S. W. 1988 . The structure of political thinking . American Journal of Political Sci ence , 32 : 539 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengren, K. E., Wenner, L., & Palmgreen, P. (Eds.). (1985). Media gratifications research: Current perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstone , S. J. and Hansen , J. M. 1993 . Mobilization, participation and democracy in America , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Rotfaenbuhler , E. W. , Mullen , L. J. , DeLaurell , R. and Ryu , C. R. 1996 . Communication, commu nity attachment, and involvement . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 73 : 445 466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. and Smith , D. J. 1995 . Psychosocial disorders in young people: Time trends and their causes , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Schaller , M. and Cialdini , R. B. 1988 . The economics of empathie helping: Support for a mood management motive . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 24 : 163 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Holbert, R. L., & Kwak, N. (1999, August). Expanding the "virtuous circle" of social capital: Civic engagement, contentment, and interpersonal trust. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, New Orleans.
   Google Scholar
• Turkle , S. 1996 . Virtuality and its discontents: Searching for community in Cyberspace . The American Prospect , 24 Winter : 50 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner , E. 1998 . Social capital, television, and the mean world: Trust, optimism, and civic participation . Political Psychology , 19 : 441 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uslaner , E. M. 1999 . Trust but verify: Social capital and moral behavior . Social Science Infor mation , 38 : 29 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba , S. , Schlozman , K. L. and Brady , H. E. 1995 . Voice and equality: Civic volunteerism in American politics , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vitalari , N. P. , Venkatesh , A. and Gronhaug , K. 1985 . Computing in the home: Shifts in the time allocation patterns of households . Communications of the ACM , 28 : 512 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillman , D. 1985 . “ The experimental explorations of gratifications from media entertainment ” . In Selective exposure to communication , Edited by: Zillman , D. and Bryant , J. 225 – 239 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zillman, D., & Bryant, J. (Eds.). (1985). Selective exposure to communication. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Almond , G. A. and Verba , S. 1963 . The civic culture , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Almond , G. A. and Verba , S. (1980) , The civic culture revisited. Boston : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Althaus , S. L. and Tewksbury , D. 2000 . Patterns of Internet and traditional news media use in a networked community . Political Communication , 17 : 21 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. J. 1996 . Political action and social integration . American Politics Quarterly , 24 : 105 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , L. B. 1979 . Measurement of gratifications . Communication Research , 6 : 54 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimber , B. 1998 . The Internet and political transformation: Populism, community, and acceler ated pluralism . Polity , 31 : 133 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm , J. and Rahn , W. M. 1997 . Individual level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital . American Journal of Political Science , 41 : 999 – 1023 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. 1993 . An empirical assessment of the multidimensionality of union participation . Journal of Management , 19 : 749 – 773 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrado , A. and Firestone , C. M. 1996 . Elections in Cyberspace: Toward a new era in American politics , Washington, DC : Aspen Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. 1999 . The web of politics: The Internet=s impact on the American political system , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dertouzos , M. 1997 . What will be: How the new world of information will change our lives , San Francisco : Harper Edge .
   Google Scholar
• Eighmey , J. and McCord , L. 1998 . Adding value in the information age: Uses and gratifications of sites on the World Wide Web . Journal of Business Research , 41 : 187 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , C. S. 1982 . To dwell among friends: Personal networks in town and city , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , L. 1995 . The electronic republic , New York : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart , R. 1997 . Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 manures , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kraut , R. , Patterson , M. , Lundmark , V. , Kiesler , S. , Mukopadhyay , T. and Scherlis , W. 1998 . Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well being? . American Psychologist , 53 : 1017 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaIz , E. , Blumler , J. G. and Gurevitch , M. 1973 . Uses and gratification research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 37 : 509 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loury , G. C. 1977 . “ The dynamic theory of racial income differences ” . In Women, minorities, and employment discrimination , Edited by: Wallace , P.A. 153 – 186 . Lexington, MA : Heath .
   Google Scholar
• Loury , G. C. 1987 . Why should we care about group inequality? . Social Philosophy & Policy , 5 : 249 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , W. J. 1986 . “ The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings ” . In Public communication behavior , Edited by: Comstock , G. Vol. 1 , 173 – 257 . New York : Aca demic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. and Becker , L. B. 1981 . “ The uses and gratification approach ” . In Handbook of political communication , Edited by: Nimmo , D. D. and Sanders , K. R. 67 – 99 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. , Daily , K. , Guo , Z. , Eveland , W. P. , Jr. , Bayer , J. , Yang , S. and Wang , H. 1996 . Community integration, local media use and democratic processes . Communication Research , 23 : 179 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. , Scheufele , D. A. and Moy , P. 1999 . Community, communication, and participa tion: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation . Political Communication , 16 : 315 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuail , D. 1985 . “ Gratifications research and media theory: Four models or one ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosen gren , K. E. , Wenner , L. and Palmgreen , P. 149 – 167 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McQuail , D. 1987 . “ The functions of communication: A non-functionalist overview ” . In Handbook of communication science , Edited by: Berger , C. R. and Chaffee , S. H. 327 – 346 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , M. and Shanahan , J. 1997 . “ Two decades of cultivation research: An appraisal and meta analysis ” . In Communication yearbook 20 , Edited by: Burleson , B. R. 1 – 45 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama , F. 1999 . The great disruption: Human nature and the reconstitution of social order , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , J. B. and Hester , K. 1998 . The effect of labor relations climate on the union participation process . Journal of Labor Research , 19 : 173 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. and Signorielli , N. 1980 . The "mainstreaming" of America: Violence profile no. 11 . Journal of Communication , 30 ( 3 ) : 10 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , M. and Dantico , M. K. 1982 . Political participation and the neighborhood social context revisited . American Journal of Political Science , 26 : 144 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn , T. J. 1981 . Psychological sense of community: Measurement and application . Human Relations , 34 : 789 – 818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore , A. Jr and . 1991 . Information superhighways: The next information revolution . Futurist , 25 ( 1 ) : 21 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. 1993 . Mass media and American politics , 3rd , Washington, DC : CQ Press .
   Google Scholar
• Groeneman, S. (1994, May). Multi-purpose household panels and general samples: How similar and how different? Paper presented at the meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Danvers, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Harlow , R. , Cantor , E. and N. 1996 . Still participating after all these years: A study of life task participation in later life . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71 : 1235 – 1249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , K. A. and Hughes , J. E. 1997 . Computer-mediated political communication: The Usenet and political communities . Political Communication , 14 : 3 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidney , S. , Sternfeld , B. , Haskell , W. L. , Jacobs , D. R. , Chesney , M. A. and Hulley , S. B. 1998 . Television viewing and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: The CARDIA study . Annals of Epidemiology , 6 : 154 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroll , C. 1995 . Silicon snake oil , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , J. L. and Transue , J. E. 1999 . The psychological underpinnings of democracy: A selec tive review of research on political tolerance, interpersonal trust, and social capital . Annual Review of Psychology , 50 : 625 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , D. L. 1987 . Gratification seeking, media exposure, and audience interpretations: Some directions for research . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 31 : 237 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , J. E. and Aspden , P. 1997 . A nation of strangers? . Communications of the ACM , 40 : 81 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , S. G. 1995 . Cybersociety: Computer-mediated communication and community , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 1993 . Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 1995a . Bowling alone: America's declining social capital . Journal of Democracy , 6 : 65 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 1995b . Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America . PS: Political Science and Politics , 284 : 664 – 683 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R., & Yonish, S. (1999, May). How important are random samples? Some surprising new evidence. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Association for Public Opin ion Research, St. Pete Beach, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Rahn , W. M. and Transue , J. E. 1998 . Social trust and value change: The decline of social capital in American youth, 1976-1995 . Political Psychology , 19 : 545 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , D. V. 1998 . Civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and television use: An individual level assessment of social capital . Political Psychology , 19 : 469 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , E. and Gurevitch , M. 1974 . “ Utilization of mass communication by the individual ” . In The uses of mass communication , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 19 – 32 . London : Faber .
   Google Scholar
• Moy , P. , Scheufele , D. A. and Holbert , R. L. 1999 . Television and social capital: Testing Putnam's time displacement hypothesis . Mass Communication & Society , 2 ( 1/2 ) : 27 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Nie, N., & Erbring, L. (2000). Internet and society: A preliminary report [Online]. Available URL: http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/internetStudy.html
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. 1996 . Does television erode social capital? A reply to Putnam . PS: Political Science and Politics , 293 : 474 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , P. and Jones , P. 1998 . Virtual democracy . Harvard International Journal of Press/Poli tics , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom , E. 1990 . Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pavlik , J. V. 1996 . New media technology: Cultural and commercial perspectives , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Perse , E. M. and Greenburg-Dunn , D. 1998 . The utility of home computers and media use: Impli cations of multimedia and connectivity . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 42 : 435 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele , D. A. and Shah , D. V. 2000 . Personality strength and social capital: The role of dispo sitional and informational variables in the production of civic participation . Communication Research , 27 : 107 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , J. T. and Lubell , M. 1998 . Trust and taxpaying: Testing the heuristic approach to collec tive action . American Journal of Political Science , 42 : 398 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , J. T. and Pinney , N. 1995 . Duty, fear, and tax compliance: The heuristic basis of citizen ship behavior . American Journal of Political Science , 39 : 490 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar