Exposing Politicians’ Peccadilloes in Comparative Context: Explaining the Frequency of Political Sex Scandals in Eight Democracies Using Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis

References

• Adut , A. 2008 . On scandal: Moral disturbances in society, politics and art , Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barker , A. 1994 . The upturned stone: Political scandals and their investigation processes in twenty democracies . Crime, Law and Social Change , 21 : 337 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit , K. and Laver , W. 2006 . Party policy in modern democracies , London , , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Berke, R. L. (1998). The 1998 campaign: Commercials; gleeful democrats assail ads by GOP on Clinton scandal. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/ (http://www.nytimes.com/)
   Google Scholar
• Bingham , A. 2009 . Family newspapers? Sex, private life, and the British popular press, 1918–1978 , Oxford , , England : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bueno , M. , Cardenas , M. L. and Esquivias , L. 2007 . The rise of the gossip press in Spain . Journalism Studies , 8 : 621 – 633 .
   Google Scholar
• Castells , M. 2004 . The Information Age: Economy, society and culture. Volume 2: The power of identity, , 2nd Oxford , Blackwell
   Google Scholar
• Cepernich , C. 2008 . Landscapes of immorality: Scandals in the Italian press (1998–2006) . Perspectives on European Politics and Society , 9 : 95 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalaby , J. K. 2004 . Scandal and the rise of investigative reporting in France . American Behavioral Scientist , 47 : 1194 – 1207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , D. H. , Sanders , D. , Stewart , M. and Whiteley , P. 2004 . Political choice in Britain , Oxford , , England : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Collier , D. and Mahoney , J. 1996 . Insights and pitfalls: Selection bias in qualitative research . World Politics , 49 : 56 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, K. (2009). Sex scandals through the years: Both parties even. Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/ (http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/)
   Google Scholar
• Dalton , R. J. and Wattenberg , M. P. , eds. 2000 . Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies , Oxford , , England : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , L. 2006 . Scandal: How gotcha politics is destroying America , New York , NY : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Downey , J. and Stanyer , J. 2010 . Comparative media analysis: Why some fuzzy thinking might help . European Journal of Communication , 25 : 331 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstein , Z. R. 1982 . The sexual politics of the new right: Understanding the ‘crisis of liberalism’ for the 1980s . Signs , 7 : 567 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser , F. and Hartung , U. 2004 . Nazis, pollution, and no sex: Political scandals as a reflection of political culture in Germany . American Behavioral Scientist , 47 : 1040 – 1071 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrard , J. and Newell , J. , eds. 2006 . Scandals in past and contemporary politics , Manchester , , England : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geddes , B. 1990 . “ How the cases you choose affect the answers you get: Selection bias in comparative politics ” . In Political analysis , Edited by: Stimson , J A. Vol. 2 , 131 – 150 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hallin , D. C. and Mancini , P. 2004 . Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hollander , J. 2008 . John Howard, economic liberalism, social conservatism, and Australian federalism . Australian Journal of Politics and History , 54 : 85 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtz-Bacha , C. 2004 . Germany: How the private life of politicians got into the media . Parliamentary Affairs , 57 : 41 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , N. 1995 . Soundbites and spin doctors: How politicians manipulate the media and vice versa , London , , England : Cassell .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , P. K. and Pusey , M. 2010 . Political communication and media system: The Australian canary . Media Culture and Society , 32 : 451 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , U. 2000 . “ Tabloidized political coverage in the German Bild-Zeitung ” . In Tabloid tales: Global debates over media standards , Edited by: Sparks , C. and Tulloch , J. 177 – 194 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , R. 2004 . Vive la difference? The mediation of politicians’ public images and private lives in France . Parliamentary Affairs , 57 : 24 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , R. 2007 . The public and the private in contemporary French politics . French Cultural Studies , 18 : 185 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowi , T. J. 2004 . “ Power and corruption: Political competition and the scandal market ” . In Public affairs: Politics in the age of sex scandals , Edited by: Apsotolidis , P. and Williams , J. A. 69 – 100 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Merkl , P. H. 2001 . A coup attempt in Washington: A European mirror on the 1998–1999 constitutional crisis , New York , NY : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , A. H. , Wattenberg , M. P. and Malunchuk , O. 1986 . Schematic assessment of presidential candidates . American Political Science Review , 80 : 521 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parris , M. and Maguire , K. 2005 . Great parliamentary scandals: Five centuries of calumny, smear and innuendo , London , , England : Robson Books .
   Google Scholar
• Paterno , S. 1997 . An affair to ignore: Why did a story about Bob Dole's dalliance get so little play? . American Journalism Review , 19 : 31 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Petchesky , R. P. 1981 . Antiabortion, antifeminism, and the rise of the new right . Feminist Studies , 7 : 206 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Plasser , F. and Plasser , G. 2002 . Global political campaigning: A world-wide analysis of campaign professionals and their practices , Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Ragin , C. 2000 . Fuzzy set social science , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ragin , C. 2008 . Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ragin , C. and Rubinson , C. 2009 . “ The distinctiveness of comparative research ” . In The Sage handbook of comparative politics , Edited by: Landman , T. and Robinson , N. 13 – 34 . London , England : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Riffe , D. 2003 . Public opinion about news coverage of leaders’ private lives . Journal of Mass Media Ethics , 18 : 98 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , S. 1988 . Fall from grace: Sex, scandal and corruption in American politics from 1702 to the present , New York , NY : Ballantine Books .
   Google Scholar
• Sabato , L. J. , Stencel , M. and Lichter , S. R. 2000 . Peepshow: Media and politics in an age of scandal , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , K. and Canel , M. J. 2004 . Spanish politicians and the media: Controlled visibility and soap opera politics . Parliamentary Affairs , 57 : 196 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt , H. and Holmberg , S. 1995 . “ Political parties in decline? ” . In Citizens and the state , Edited by: Klingemann , H.-D. and Fuchs , D. 95 – 133 . Oxford , , England : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shackelford, S. J. (2011). Fragile merchandise: A comparative analysis of the privacy rights for public figures. http://works.bepress.com/scott_shackelford/9 (http://works.bepress.com/scott_shackelford/9)
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , C. and Tulloch , J. , eds. 2000 . Tabloid tales: Global debates over media standards , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Stanyer , J. and Wring , D. 2004 . Public images, private lives: An introduction . Parliamentary Affairs , 57 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers , J. H. 2007 . “ What happened to sex scandals? Politics and peccadilloes, Jefferson to Kennedy ” . In The political communication reader , Edited by: Negrine , N. and Stanyer , J. London , , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. B. 2000 . Political scandal , Cambridge , , England : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Tiffen , R. 1999 . Scandals: Media, politics and corruption in contemporary Australia , Sydney , , Australia : University of New South Wales Press .
   Google Scholar
• Top 50 political scandals: Part one. (2009a). The Spectator. http://www.spectator.co.uk (http://www.spectator.co.uk)
   Google Scholar
• Top 50 political scandals: Part two. (2009a). The Spectator. http://www.spectator.co.uk (http://www.spectator.co.uk)
   Google Scholar
• Trouille , H. 2000 . Private life and public image: Privacy legislation in France . International Comparative Law , 49 : 199 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Tumber , H. 2004 . Scandal and the media in the United Kingdom . American Behavioral Scientist , 47 : 1122 – 1137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumber , H. and Waisbord , S R. 2004a . Introduction: Political scandals and media across democracies, Volume 1 . American Behavioral Scientist , 47 : 1031 – 1039 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumber , H. and Waisbord , S R. 2004b . Introduction: Political scandals and media across democracies, Volume 1 . American Behavioral Scientist , 47 : 1143 – 1152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zoonen , L. 1998 . “ The ethics of making private life public ” . In The media in question: Popular cultures and public interests , Edited by: Brants , K. , Hermes , J. and Van Zoonen , L. 113 – 123 . London , , England : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Waites, M. (2000). Homosexuality and the new right: The legacy of the 1980s for new delineations of homophobia. Sociological Research Online, 5(1). http://www.socresonline.org.uk/5/1/waites.html (http://www.socresonline.org.uk/5/1/waites.html)
   Google Scholar
• Whitman , J. Q. 2004 . Two cultures of privacy: Dignity versus liberty . Yale Law Journal , 113 : 1153 – 1196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolcott, J. (2007). Why are British sex scandals so much better than ours? Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com (http://www.vanityfair.com)
   Google Scholar