References
- Achen, C. (1986). Statistical analysis of quasi-experiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Althaus, S. L., & Kim, Y. M. (2006). Priming effects in complex information environments: Reassessing the impact of news discourse on presidential approval. Journal of Politics, 68, 960–976.
- Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Bach, R. L. (1993). Changing relations: Newcomers and established residents in U.S. communities. New York, NY: Ford Foundation.
- Barabas, J., & Jerit, J. (2010). Are survey experiments externally valid? American Political Science Review, 104, 226–242.
- Bargh, J. A. (2006). What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 147–168.
- Barreto, M. A., DeFrancesco Soto, V. M., Merolla, J. L, & Ramirez, R. (2008, December). Bulls’ eye or bomb? Ethnically targeted campaign ads in the 2008 election. Paper presented at the “Race and the American Voter” conference, Harris School, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
- Bartels, L. M. (2002). Beyond the running tally: Partisan bias in political perceptions. Political Behavior, 24, 117–150.
- Berger, J., Meredith, M., & Wheeler, S. C. (2008). Contextual priming: Where people vote affects how they vote. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 8846–8849.
- Berinsky, A. J. (2007). Assuming the costs of war: Events, elites, and american public support for military conflict. Journal of Politics, 69, 975–997.
- Berinsky, A. J. (2009) In time of war: Understanding American public opinion from World War II to Iraq. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Berkowitz, L., & Donnerstein, E. (1982). External validity is more than skin deep: Some answers to criticisms of laboratory experiments. American Psychologist, 37, 245.
- Brader, T., Valentino, N., & Suhay, E. (2008). Is it immigration or the immigrants? The emotional influence of groups on public opinion and political action. American Journal of Political Science, 52, 959–978.
- Bryan, C. J., Walton, G. M., Rogers, T., & Dweck, C. S. (2011). Motivating voter turnout by invoking the self. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 12653–12656.
- Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., & Huber, G. A. (2009, September). Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Bullock, J. G., Green, D. P., & Ha, S. (2009). Enough already about “black box” experiments: Studying mediation is more difficult than most scholars suppose. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 628(1), 200–208.
- Burns, P., Gimpel, J. G. (2000). Economic insecurity, prejudicial stereotypes, and public opinion on immigration policy. Political Science Quarterly, 115, 201–225.
- Cain, B., Citrin, J., & Wong, C. (2000). Ethnic context, race relations, and California politics. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.
- Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. (1960). The American voter. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Campbell, A. L., Wong, C., & Citrin, J. (2006). “Racial threat,” partisan climate, and direct democracy: Contextual effects in three California initiatives. Political Behavior, 28, 129–150.
- Carmines, E. G., & Stimson J. A (1980). The two faces of issue voting. American Political Science Review, 74, 78–91.
- Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1989). Issue evolution: Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Chang, L., & Krosnick, J. A. (2009). National surveys via RDD telephone interviewing versus the Internet: Comparing sample representativeness and response quality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 641–678.
- Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). A theory of framing and opinion formation. Journal of Communication, 57, 99–118.
- Citrin, J., Green, D. P., Muste, C., & Wong, C. (1997). Public opinion toward immigration reform: The role of economic motivations. Journal of Politics, 59, 858–881.
- Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 808.
- Cutler, F. (2002). The simplest shortcut of all: Sociodemographic characteristics and electoral choice. Journal of Politics, 64, 466–490.
- Dancygier, R. (2012). The left and minority representation: The Labour party, Muslim candidates, and inclusion tradeoffs. Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University.
- Druckman, J. N., Hennessy, C., St. Charles, K., & Webber, J. (2010). Competing rhetoric over time: Frames versus cues. Journal of Politics, 72, 136–148.
- Dyck, J. J., Johnson, G. B., & Wasson, J. T. (2012). A blue tide in the Golden State: Ballot propositions, population change, and party identification. American Politics Research, 40, 450–475.
- Eggers, A. C., & Hainmueller, J. (2009). MPs for sale? Returns to office in postwar British politics. American Political Science Review, 103, 513–533.
- Fitzgerald, J. (2011). Public opinion on bilingual education in Colorado and Massachusetts. Social Science Journal, 48, 371–396.
- Frey, W. H. (2006). Diversity spreads out: Metropolitan shifts in Hispanic, Asian, and Black populations since 2000. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
- Gadarian, S. K., & Albertson, B. (2014). Anxiety, immigration and the search for information. Political Psychology, 35, 133–164.
- Gaines, B. J., Kuklinski, J. H., & Quirk, P. J. (2007). The logic of the survey experiment re-examined. Political Analysis, 15, 1–20.
- Gerber, A. S., & Huber, G. A. (2010). Partisanship, political control, and economic assessments. American Journal of Political Science, 54, 153–173.
- Gilens, M. (1999). Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media, and the politics of anti-poverty policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Gluszek, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (2010). The way they speak: A social psychological perspective on the stigma of nonnative accents in communication. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 214.
- Glynn, A. N. (2012). The product and difference fallacies for indirect effects. American Journal of Political Science, 56, 257–269.
- Government Accountability Office. (2008). Bilingual voting assistance: Selected jurisdictions’ strategies for identifying needs and providing assistance. Washington, DC: Author.
- Green, D. P., Leong, T. Y., Kern, H., Gerber, A. S., & Larimer, C. (2009). Testing the accuracy of regression discontinuity analysis using experimental benchmarks. Political Analysis, 17, 400–417.
- Ha, S. (2008). The consequences of multiracial contexts on public attitudes toward immigration. Political Research Quarterly, 61, 29–42.
- Haider-Markel, D. P., & Joslyn, M. R. (2001). Gun policy, opinion, tragedy, and blame attribution: The conditional influence of issue frames. Journal of Politics, 63, 520–543.
- Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. J. (2010). Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: Evidence from a survey experiment. American Political Science Review, 104, 61–84.
- Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. J. (2014). The hidden American immigration consensus: A conjoint analysis of attitudes toward immigrants. American Journal of Political Science.
- Hajnal, Z., & Abrajano, M. (2012). Racial diversity and white political views: How Latino context transforms white political orientations. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, San Diego.
- Hajnal, Z., & Rivera, M. (2014). The new democratic defection: Immigration, Latinos, and White partisan politics. American Journal of Political Science.
- Hartman, T. K., Newman, B. J., & Bell, C. (2014). Decoding prejudice toward Hispanics: Group cues and public reactions to threatening immigrant behavior. Political Behavior, 36, 143–163.
- Hetherington, M. J., & Weiler, J. (2009). Authoritarianism and polarization in American politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Ho, D. E., & Imai, K. (2006). Randomization inference with natural experiments: An analysis of ballot effects in the 2003 California recall election. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101, 888–900.
- Ho, D. E., Imai, K., King, G., & Stuart, E. (2007). Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for improving parametric causal inference. Political Analysis, 10, 1–38.
- Hopkins, D. J. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American Political Science Review, 104, 40–60.
- Hopkins, D. J. (2011). Translating into votes: The electoral impacts of Spanish-language ballots. American Journal of Political Science, 55, 814–830.
- Hopkins, D. J. (2014). The upside of accents: Language, inter-group difference, and attitudes toward immigration. British Journal of Political Science.
- Huntington, S. (2004). Who are we? America’s national identity and the challenges it faces. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
- Imai, K., Keele, L., Tingley, D., & Yamamoto, T. (2011). Unpacking the black box of causality: Learning about causal mechanisms from experimental and observational studies. American Political Science Review, 105, 765–789.
- Imbens, G. W., & Lemieux, T. (2008). Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 615–635.
- Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Jones-Correa, M. (2005). Language provisions under the Voting Rights Act: How effective are they? Social Science Quarterly, 86, 549–564.
- Jones-Correa, M., & Waismel-Manor, I. (2007). Verifying implementation of language provisions in the Voting Rights Act. In A. Henderson, (Ed.), Voting Rights Act Reauthorization of 2006: Perspectives on democracy, participation, and power (pp. 161–182). Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Public Policy Press.
- Kinder, D. R., & Kam, C. D. (2009). Us against them: Ethnocentric foundations of American opinion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- King, G., Nielsen, R., Coberley, C., Pope, J. E., & Wells, A. (2011). Comparative effectiveness of matching methods for causal inference. Retrieved from http://gking.harvard.edu/publications/comparative-effectiveness-matchin-methods-causal-inference
- Knoll, B. R., Redlawsk, D., & Sanborn, H., (2011). Framing labels and immigration policy attitudes in the Iowa caucuses: “Trying to out-Tancredo Tancredo.” Political Behavior, 33, 433–454.
- Lane, R. E. (1962). Political ideology: Why the American common man believes what he does. New York, NY: Free Press of Glencoe.
- Layman, G. C., Carsey, T. M., Green, J. C., Herrera, R., & Cooperman, R. (2010). Activists and conflict extension in American party politics. American Political Science Review, 104, 324–346.
- Lenz, G. S. (2013). Follow the leader? How voters respond to politicians’ policies and performance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Levendusky, M. (2009). The partisan sort: How liberals became Democrats and conservatives became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Malhotra, N. (2008). Completion time and response order effects in Web surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72, 914–934.
- Malhotra, N., Margalit, Y., & Mo, C. H. (2013). Economic explanations for opposition to immigration: Distinguishing between prevalence and conditional impact. American Journal of Political Science, 57, 391–410.
- McCue, R. F. (2008). Disaggregation of precinct voting results to census geography. Unpublished manuscript, California Institute of Technology.
- Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Meredith, M. (2009). Persistence in political participation. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 4, 187–209.
- Mondak, J. J., Mutz, D. C., & Huckfeldt, R. (1996). Persuasion in context: The multilevel structure of economic evaluations. In D. C. Mutz, P. M. Sniderman, & R. A. Brody (Eds.), Political persuasion and attitude change (pp. 249–266). New York, NY: Kluwer.
- Newman, B. J. (2012). Acculturating contexts and Anglo opposition to immigration in the United States. American Journal of Political Science, 57, 374–390.
- Newman, B. J., Hartman, T. K., & Taber, C. S. (2012). Foreign language exposure, cultural threat, and opposition to immigration. Political Psychology, 33, 635–657.
- Newman, B. J., Hartman, T. K., & Taber, C. S. (2014). Social dominance and the cultural politics of immigration. Political Psychology, 35,165–186.
- Pantoja, A. D., & Segura, G. M. (2003). Fear and loathing in California: Contextual threat and political sophistication among Latino voters. Political Behavior, 25, 265–286.
- Pantoja, A. D., Ramirez, R., & Segura, G. M. (2001). Citizens by choice, voters by necessity: Patterns in political mobilization by naturalized Latinos. Political Research Quarterly, 54, 729–750.
- Pastor, M., & Mollenkopf, J. (2012). Struggling over strangers or receiving with resilience? The metropolitics of immigrant integration. In M. Weir, N. Pindus, H. Wial, & H. Wolman (Eds.), Urban and regional policy and its effects (pp. 100–147). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
- Paxton, P. (2006). What’s to fear from immigrants? Creating an assimilationist threat scale. Political Psychology, 27, 549–568.
- Pérez, E. O. (2010). Explicit evidence on the import of implicit attitudes: The IAT and immigration policy judgments. Political Behavior, 32, 517–545.
- Pew Research Center. (2006). Maturing Internet news audience—Broader than deep. Retrieved from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/282.pdf
- Ramakrishnan, K. (2005). Democracy in immigrant America: Changing demographics and political participation. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Rosenbaum, P. R. (2009). Design of observational studies. New York, NY: Springer.
- Rupasingha, A., Goetz, S. J., & Freshwater, D., (2005). The production of social capital in U.S. countries. Journal of Socio-Economics, 35, 83–101
- Schildkraut, D. J. (2001). Official-English and the states: Influences on declaring English the official language in the United States. Political Research Quarterly, 54, 445–457.
- Schildkraut, D. (2005). Press one for English: Language policy, public opinion, and American identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Schildkraut, D. (2011). Americanism in the twenty-first century: Public opinion in the age of immigration. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Schochet, P. Z. (2009). Statistical power for regression discontinuity designs in education evaluations. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 34, 238–266.
- Schrag, P. (1998). Paradise lost: California’s experience, America’s future. New York: New Press.
- Sears, D. O., & Citrin, J. (1985). Tax revolt: Something for nothing in California. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Sekhon, J. S. (2009). Opiates for the matches. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 487–508.
- Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2007). European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests, and information. British Journal of Political Science, 37, 477–504.
- Sniderman, P., Hagendoorn, L., & Prior, M. (2004). Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review, 98, 35–49.
- Sniderman, P. M., & Hagendoorn, A. (2007). When ways of life collide: Multiculturalism and its discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50, 755–769.
- Taylor, M. C. (1998). How White attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count. American Sociological Review, 63, 512–535.
- Tesler, M. (2012). The spillover of racialization into health care: How President Obama polarized public opinion by racial attitudes and race. American Journal of Political Science.
- Theiss-Morse, E. (2009). Who counts as an American? The boundaries of national identity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Tichenor, D. (2002). Dividing lines: The politics of immigration control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Trounstine, J. L. (2011). Evidence of a local incumbency advantage. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 36, 255–280.
- Tucker, J. T., & Espino, R. (2007). Government effectiveness and efficiency? The minority language assistance provisions of the VRA. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights, 12(2), 163–232.
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). 2006–2008 American Community Survey. Retrieved from www.census.gov
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). State and county QuickFacts: USA. Retrieved from: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html.
- Valentino, N. (1999). Crime and the priming of racial attitudes during evaluations of the president. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63, 293–320.
- Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., & Jardina, A. E. (2012). Immigration opposition among US Whites: General ethnocentrism or media priming of attitudes about Latinos? Political Psychology, 34, 149–166.
- Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., & White, I. K. (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96, 75–90.
- White, I. K. (2007). When race matters and when it doesn’t: Racial group differences in response to racial cues. American Political Science Review, 101, 339–354.
- Wong, C. J. (2010). Boundaries of obligation in American politics: Geographic, national, and racial communities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.