282
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Unequal Tweets: Black Disadvantage is (Re)tweeted More but Discussed Less Than White Privilege

, , , &

References

  • Barberá, P., Boydstun, A. E., Linn, S., McMahon, R., & Nagler, J. (2021). Automated text classification of news articles: A practical guide. Political Analysis, 29(1), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2020.8
  • Bird, S., Klein, E., & Loper, E. (2009). Natural Language Processing with Python: Analyzing Text with the Natural Language Toolkit (3.6.5). https://www.nltk.org/
  • Boyd, D., Golder, S., & Lotan, G. (2010). Tweet, tweet, retweet: Conversational aspects of retweeting on twitter. 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2010.412
  • Boyle, M. P., McLeod, D. M., & Armstrong, C. L. (2012). Adherence to the protest paradigm: The influence of protest goals and tactics on news coverage in U.S. and international newspapers. The International Journal of Press/politics, 17(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211433837
  • Braun, M., Martiny, S., & Bruckmüller, S. (2023). From serial reproduction to serial communication: Transmission of the focus of comparison in lay communication about gender inequality. Human Communication Research, 49(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqac024
  • Bruckmüller, S., & Braun, M. (2020). One group’s advantage or another group’s disadvantage? How comparative framing shapes explanations of, and reactions to, workplace gender inequality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39(4), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x20932631
  • Bruckmüller, S., Reese, G., & Martiny, S. E. (2017). Is higher inequality less legitimate? Depends on how you frame it! British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(4), 766–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12202
  • Case, K. A., Hensley, R., & Anderson, A. (2014). Reflecting on heterosexual and male privilege: Interventions to raise awareness: Heterosexual and male privilege. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 722–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12088
  • Chambers, J. R., & Windschitl, P. D. (2004). Biases in social comparative judgments: The role of nonmotivated factors in above-average and comparative-optimism effects. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 813–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.813
  • Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in twitter using big data: Political homophily on Twitter. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12084
  • De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal, 13(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.13.1.06vre
  • Dietze, P., & Craig, M. A. (2021). Framing economic inequality and policy as group disadvantages (versus group advantages) spurs support for action. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00988-4
  • Druckman, J. N. (2011). What’s it all about? Framing in political science. In G. Keren (Ed.), Perspectives on framing (pp. 282–296). Psychology Press.
  • Dumitrescu, D., & Ross, A. R. N. (2021). Embedding, quoting, or paraphrasing? Investigating the effects of political leaders’ tweets in online news articles: The case of Donald Trump. New Media & Society, 23(8), 2279–2302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820920881
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Feng, C. X. (2021). A comparison of zero-inflated and hurdle models for modeling zero-inflated count data. Journal of Statistical Distributions and Applications, 8(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40488-021-00121-4
  • Freelon, D., McIlwain, C., & Clark, M. (2018). Quantifying the power and consequences of social media protest. New Media & Society, 20(3), 990–1011. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676646
  • Garimella, K., De Francisci Morales, G., Gionis, A., & Mathioudakis, M. (2018). Political discourse on social media: Echo chambers, gatekeepers, and the price of bipartisanship. Proceedings of the 2018 WWW, 18, 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186139
  • Greenaway, K. H., Fisk, K., & Branscombe, N. R. (2017). Context matters: explicit and implicit reminders of ingroup privilege increase collective guilt among foreigners in a developing country. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(12), 677–681. Sociological Abstracts. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12482
  • Harth, N. S., Kessler, T., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Advantaged group’s emotional reactions to intergroup inequality: The dynamics of pride, guilt, and sympathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207309193
  • Hemphill, L., Culotta, A., & Heston, M. (2013). Framing in social media: How the US congress uses twitter hashtags to frame political issues. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2317335
  • Honnibal, M., & Montani, I. (2017). spaCy 2: Natural Language Understanding with Bloom Embeddings, Convolutional Neural Networks and Incremental Parsing (3.0.7). https://spacy.io/
  • Humayun, M. F., & Ferrucci, P. (2022). Understanding social media in journalism practice: A typology. Digital Journalism, 10(9), 1502–1525. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2086594
  • Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Welles, B. F. (2020). #hashtagactivism: Networks of race and gender justice. The MIT Press.
  • Jun, S., Chow, R. M., van der Veen, A. M., & Bleich, E. (2022). Chronic frames of social inequality: How mainstream media frame race, gender, and wealth inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(21), e2110712119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110712119
  • Kemp, S. (2023). The latest twitter statistics: Everything you need to know. DataReportal – global digital insights. https://datareportal.com/essential-twitter-stats
  • Knowles, E. D., Lowery, B. S., Chow, R. M., & Unzueta, M. M. (2014). Deny, distance, or dismantle? How white Americans manage a privileged identity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(6), 594–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614554658
  • Lowery, B. S., Chow, R. M., Knowles, E. D., & Unzueta, M. M. (2012). Paying for positive group esteem: How inequity frames affect whites’ responses to redistributive policies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024598
  • Lowery, B. S., & Wout, D. A. (2010). When inequality matters: The effect of inequality frames on academic engagement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 956–966. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017926
  • McGregor, S. C. (2019). Social media as public opinion: How journalists use social media to represent public opinion. Journalism, 20(8), 1070–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919845458
  • McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women’s studies. Wellesley College Center for Research on Women.
  • McIntosh, P. (2012). Reflections and future directions for privilege studies. Journal of Social Issues, 68(1), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01744.x
  • Meier, F., Elsweiler, D. C., & Wilson, M. L. (2014). More than liking and bookmarking? Towards understanding twitter favouriting behaviour. Proceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA.
  • Nixon, S. A. (2019). The coin model of privilege and critical allyship: Implications for health. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1637. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7884-9
  • Norton, M. I., & Sommers, S. R. (2011). Whites see racism as a zero-sum game that they are now losing. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(3), 215–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611406922
  • Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., & Michel, V. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825–2830. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1201.0490
  • Phillips, L. T., & Jun, S. (2021). Why benefiting from discrimination is less recognized as discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(5), 825–852. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000298
  • Phillips, L. T., Jun, S., & Shakeri, A. (2022). Barriers and boosts: Using inequity frames theory to expand understanding of mechanisms of race and gender inequity. The Academy of Management Annals, 2020(2), 547–587. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2020.0314
  • Phillips, L. T., & Lowery, B. S. (2020). I ain’t no fortunate one: On the motivated denial of class privilege. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(6), 1403–1422. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000240
  • Powell, A. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Schmitt, M. T. (2005). Inequality as ingroup privilege or outgroup disadvantage: The impact of group focus on collective guilt and interracial attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271713
  • Pratto, F., & Stewart, A. L. (2012). Group dominance and the half-blindness of privilege. Journal of Social Issues, 68(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01734.x
  • Quarles, C. L., Bozarth, L., & Mahmoud, A. B. (2022). How the term “white privilege” affects participation, polarization, and content in online communication. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267048
  • Refaeilzadeh, P., Tang, L., & Liu, H. (2009). Cross-Validation. In L. Liu & M. T. Özsu (Eds.), Encyclopedia of database systems (pp. 532–538). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_565
  • Schäfer, F., Evert, S., & Heinrich, P. (2017). Japan’s 2014 general election: Political bots, right-wing internet activism, and prime minister Shinzō abe’s hidden nationalist agenda. Big Data, 5(4), 294–309. https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2017.0049
  • Schnepf, J., Reese, G., Bruckmüller, S., Braun, M., Rotzinger, J., & Martiny, S. E. (2021, December). Justice in the eye of the beholder: How comparison framing affects the perception of global inequality through social emotions and justice sensitivity. https://psyarxiv.com/n72cp/
  • Tempesta, E. (2019, April 2). “I spat in a cop’s face… and all he did was drive me home”: Twitter users reveal the “most outrageous things” they have gotten away with because of their white privilege. Daily Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-6878345/People-reveal-outrageous-things-theyve-gotten-away-white-privilege.html
  • Tversky, A. (1977). Features of similarity. Psychological Review, 84(4), 327–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.327
  • Wang, N., Sun, Y., Shen, X.-L., Liu, D., & Zhang, X. (2019). Just being there matters: Investigating the role of sense of presence in like behaviors from the perspective of symbolic interactionism. Internet Research, 29(1), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-08-2017-0299

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.