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Cholesterics/Blue Phases

Flexoelectric Induced Vanishing of the Cholesteric Helix

Pages 147-154 | Published online: 24 Sep 2006

References

  • Brand , H. R. and Pleiner , H. 1987 . unpublished, this volume p. xx
  • Meyer , R. B. 1968 . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 14 : 208
  • Patel , J. S. and Meyer , R. B. 1987 . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 58 : 1538 and the references they cite for measured values of e.
  • Berreman , D. W. and Heffner , W. R. 1980 . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 37 : 109
  • Cladis , P. E. and Kleman , M. 1970 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 16 : 1
  • 1987 . Sov. Phys. JETP , 66 : 1007 V. G. Kamenskii. and E. I. Katz, show that a non-uniform distortion may also be induced in a helicoidal structure when the twist axis is in the plane of shear
  • Cladis , P. E. 1987 . unpublished
  • Saupe , A. 1972 . unpublished (ca.)
  • Friedel , J. and Kleman , M. 1970 . Fundamental Aspects of Dislocation Theory , Nat. Bur. Standards Spec. Publ. 317 Edited by: de Witt , R. 20402 Washington , D. C. : Government Printing Office .
  • 1969 . J. Phys., (Fr.) , 30 ( C4 ) : 43
  • In the PM model, θ0 = βy + θ'0. In Figure 1b, θ'0 = 0
  • de Gennes , P. G. 1968 . Sol. State Comm. , 6 : 163 From the form of χ it is clear that conventional helix unwinding applies only when ϵ a > 0. When ϵ a < 0, the uniform helix with E || t 0 is stable
  • Although the PM model predicts 1 for the ratio of the optic axis tilt to a dimensionless field whereas the bulk effect predicts 1/, this is too fine a difference to distinguish between the two models. Measured values for the flexoelectric coefficient, e, differ by nearly a factor of 10. The factor gives an e = 5 × 10−5cgs in plane of e = 3.5 × 10−5 cgs using their slope data and values they take for the material constants K and q [3]. Taking K = K1 = K3 ∼ 5 × 10−7 dynes, e is about one half smaller than the above estimates from the slope data
  • Terente'ev , E. M. and Pikin , S. 1985 . Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. , 30 : 131 have investigated the effect of the surface term div(ndivn + n × curln) and the flexoelectric term in Eq. 1. The surface term does not contribute in this geometry (Fig. 1)
  • Helfrich , W. 1974 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 26 : 1 See also
  • The fact that PM's measurements stop [3] at E > 200 kV/cm suggests that this is a reasonable estimate for ϵ a and, therefore, E c, in their material
  • Finkenzeller , U. , Geelhaar , T. , Weber , G. and Pohl , L. 1989 . Liquid crystals , 5 : 313 discuss the compound [4-ethyl-2-fluoro-4′-(2-trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)-ethyl] biphenyl, known as 152. 152 has a broad nematic range in which ϵ a changes sign at a particular temperature: ϵ a > 0 at higher temperature and up to the transition to the isotropic liquid and ϵ a < 0 at lower temperatures. The chiral equivalent of this compound, 152*, would be an interesting candidate to study helix vanishing when -1/X < ϵ a < 0
  • 1974 . Fran¸oise Brochard , Thesis Orsay : Université Paris-Sud .
  • 1972 . J. de Physique , 33 : 607
  • Huang , X.-Y. , Yang , D.-K. , Bos , Phil and Doane , J. W. Dielectric Study of Transitions between Cholesteric Textures and Design of Dynamic Drive Scheme . 16th International Liquid Crystal Conference Program and Abstract Book . June 24–28 . pp. P-55 See for example
  • Michel , Hartmut and Oesterhelt , Dieter . 1980 . PNAS (USA) , 77 : 1283
  • Henderson , Richard . 1985 . Nature News and Views , 318 : 598 For a popular review of this fascinating technique see e.g., Cubic crystals, sometimes with several screw axes are also observed in bR when the pH < 4.8 corresponding to the more concentrated cubic liquid crystal phase exhibited by the sugar (octyl glucoside). We call these experiments “speculative” because it has not yet been established in the literature that these large crystals composed of sugar-protein aggregates in water are cholesteric liquid crystals. They could be closer to, for example, smectic C*: parallel planes in which the sugar—protein complex is inclined at some fixed angle in each plane but rotating about the needle axis from plane to plane in a helix. However, according to J. W. Goodby (private communication), smectic C* is an unusual liquid crystal phase for sugars to form when mixed in low concentrations with water. However, smectic C* has to be excluded because its spontaneous polarization may mask the linear flexoelectric effect and its larger surface energy, compared to cholesterics, may better preserve zero field crystal shapes
  • Goodby , J. W. 1984 . Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. , 110 : 205
  • Pfannemuller , B. , Welte , W. , Chin , E. and Goodby , J. W. 1986 . Liquid Crystals , 1 : 357 discuss the thermotropic phases of sugars
  • Jeffrey , G. A. 1986 . Accounts of Chemical Research , 19 : 168 With increasing water, the liquid crystal phases of octyl glucoside are: lamellar (similar to smectic A also called “neat soap”), cubic (similar to smectic D) and hexagonal (“middle soap”), For a review of Carbohydrate Liquid Crystals see
  • Chang , C. H. , Tiede , D. , Tang , J. , Smith , U. , Norris , J. and Schiffer , M. 1986 . FEBS Letters , 205 : 82
  • Cladis , P. E. , Garel , T. and Pieranski , P. 1986 . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 57 : 2841 See e.g., where electric field induced shape changes are observed in response to changes in the bulk symmetry of blue phase single crystals in contact with their isotropic liquid

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