Notes
- Max Ross, “Interpreting the New Museology,” Museum and Society Vol. 2, No. 2 (2004), p. 84; Lynne Teather and Jennifer Carter, “Critical Museology Now: Theory/Practice/Theory,” Muse Vol. 27, No. 6(2009), pp. 22, 24.
- Archaeological Institute of America. “Lesson Plans: Excavation Projects,” http://www.archaeological.org/education/lessons/excavations (Boston: American Institute of Archaeology accessed October 23, 2011).
- Although ICOM refers to accuracy only in its exhibitions section, the American code of ethics uses the generic term “intellectual integrity” when referring to programs, while both the Canadian and United Kingdom ethics documents make specific commitments to accuracy in public programming. International Council of Museums, ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums (Paris: ICOM, 2006), p. 8; American Association of Museums, Code of Ethics for Museums (Washington: AAM, 2000), p. 4; Sonja Tanner-Kaplash, et al., Ethics Guidelines (Ottawa: Canadian Museums Association, 2006), p. 5; Museums Association (UK), Code of Ethics for Museums: Ethical Principles for All Who Work for or Govern Museums in the UK (London: Museums Association 2008), p. 20.
- Lesley Brown ed., Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Sixth Edition (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007); Wickipedia, “Simulation” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation (San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, accessed November 30,2011); cf. Paul Humphreys and Cyrille Imbert ed., Models, Simulations and Representations (New York: Routledge, 2012), pp. 179, 231, passim.
- Archaeologist Bill Green, Director of the Logan Museum of Anthropology, in response to a draft of this article asserts, “the trowel-in-sandbox approach emphasizes two activitiesdigging and finding—that are not the core things we need to emphasize to kids about doing archaeology.” William Green personal e-mail to Paul Thistle (December 16, 2011).
- Archaeological Institute of America, “Archaeology in the Classroom” http://www.archaeo-logical.org/education/lessons/simulateddigs (Boston: Archaeological Institute of America accessed November 30, 2011).
- My research to date has found no published examples of the paper layer solution. Gerald A. Oetelaar, Editor of the Canadian Journal of Archaeology, indicated in an e-mail to the author on April 12, 2011 that Stevie Stephens had used this gambit at the Simon Fraser University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, this program employed only small pieces of paper that students used at their own desks rather than simulating a full-scale excavation as described below. Please contact the author with any relevant published sources.
- Cf. Archaeology TV, “Classroom Excavation Projects: Archaeology in the Classroom” introductory video http://www.archaeological.org/education/lessons/simulateddigs (Boston: Archaeological Institute of America accessed February 11, 2012) in which Shelby Brown, Vice President of Education and Outreach for the AIA, states that the aim of its simulated digs is to achieve “less mess, more thinking.” The author notes, however, that many of the AIA's recommended activities involve a comparatively high level of mess.
- Paul C. Thistle, “Archaeology Excavation Simulation” https://sites.google.com/site/archex-cavsim/ (accessed February 10, 2012) shows more images of the archaeological squares excavated on the site shown in Figure 1 as well as my simulated squares and features replicating this target reality. Also see the author's brief Ignite Session video, “Archaeology Excavation Simulation: Shift the Emphasis Back to Reality” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzwWk6NRNvk accessed April 22, 2012.
- For recent analysis of the value of handling real objects, see Elizabeth Pye, “Introduction: The Power of Touch” in The Power of Touch: Handling Objects in Museum and Heritage Contexts, Elizabeth Pye ed. (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, Inc., 2007), pp. 19–24, passim.
- David Moyer, “Nails for Historical Archaeologists” http://www.digitalpresence.com/his-tarch/nails.html (Iowa City: Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist, 2002) accessed December 6, 2011.
- Fransecky, Roger and Tojanski, John “A Primer on Games” in Doing Sociology: A Sociological Experience in the Classroom, Paul F. Kaplan and Clovis R. Shepherd ed. (New York: Alfred Publishing Co., 1973), p. 11.
- Archaeological Institute of America, “Lesson Plans: Excavation Projects” http://www.archaeological.org/education/lessons/excavations (Boston: Archaeological Institute of America), accessed October 23, 2001.