References
- Niu, Q.; Zhang, J.; Peng, W.; Fan, Z.; He, A. Effect of Alkylaluminium on the Regio-and Stereoselectivity in Copolymerization of Isoprene and Butadiene Using TiCl4/MgCl2 Type Ziegler-Natta Catalyst. Mol. Catal. 2019, 471, 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2019.04.009.
- Hong, K.; Liang, Z.; Ni, X.; Shen, Z. Polymerization of Conjugated Dienes with a Homogeneous Ziegler–Natta Catalytic System Based on a Carbon-Bridged Bis(Phenolate) Yttrium Alkyl Complex. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 33828–33833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA06144C.
- Visseaux, M. Catalysts for the Controlled Polymerization of Conjugated Dienes. Catalysts 2018, 8, 442–444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8100442.
- Porri, L.; Giarrusso, A.; Ricci, G. Recent Views on the Mechanism of Diolefin Polymerization with Transition Metal Initiator Systems. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1991, 16, 405–441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(91)90024-F.
- Song, J.-S.; Huang, B.-C.; Yu, D.-S. Progress of Synthesis and Application Oftrans-1,4-Polyisoprene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 82, 81–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1826.
- Jia, X.; Liu, H.; Hu, Y.; Dai, Q.; Bi, J.; Bai, C.; Zhang, X. Highly Active and Cis-1,4 Selective Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene Catalyzed by Cobalt(II) Complexes Bearing α-Diimine Ligands. Chinese J. Catal. 2013, 34, 1560–1569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(12)60625-1.
- Wang, B.; Bi, J.; Zhang, C.; Dai, Q.; Bai, C.; Zhang, X.; Hu, Y.; Jiang, L. Highly Active and Trans-1,4 Specific Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene Catalyzed by 2-Pyrazolyl Substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolineligatediron(II)Complexes. J Polym. 2013, 54, 5174–5181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.021.
- Gao, W.; Cui, D. Highly cis-1,4 selective polymerization of dienes with homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on NCN-pincer rare earth metal dichloride precursors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 4984–4991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja711146t.
- Jiang, X.; Zhang, Q.; He, A. Synthesis and Characterization of Trans-1,4-Butadiene/Isoprene Copolymers: Determination of Sequence Distribution and Thermal Properties. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2015, 33, 815–822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-015-1626-y.
- Gong, D.; Jia, X.; Wang, B.; Wang, F.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, L.; Dong, W. Highly Trans-1,4 Selective Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene Initiated by Iron(III) Bis(Imino)Pyridyl Complexes. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2011, 373, 47–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2011.03.047.
- Ricci, G.; Morganti, D.; Sommazzi, A.; Santi, R.; Masi, F. Polymerization of 1,3-Dienes with Iron Complexes Based Catalysts: Influence of the Ligand on Catalyst Activity and Stereo Specificity. J. Mol Catal A Chem. 2003, 204, 287–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(03)00310-8.
- Zhang, L.; Suzuki, T.; Luo, Y.; Nishiura, M.; Hou, Z. Cationic Alkyl Rare-Earth Metal Complexes Bearing an Ancillary bis(phosphinophenyl)amido ligand: a catalytic system for living cis-1,4-polymerization and copolymerization of isoprene and butadiene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2007, 46, 1909–1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604348.
- Ventura, A.; Chenal, T.; Bria, M.; Bonnet, F.; Zinck, P.; Ngono-Ravache, Y.; Balanzat, E.; Visseaux, M. Trans-Stereospecific Polymerization of Butadiene and Random Copolymerization with Styrene Using Borohydrido Neodymium/Magnesium Dialkyl Catalysts. Eur. Polym. J. 2013, 49, 4130–4140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.09.019.
- Nakayama, Y.; Sogo, K.; Cai, Z.; Yasuda, H.; Shiono, T. Highly Trans‐1,4‐Specific Polymerization of 1,3‐Butadiene Catalyzed by [2,6‐Bis{(4S)‐ (−)‐Isopropyl‐2‐Oxazolin‐2‐yl}Pyridine] Chromium Complex Activated with Modified Methylaluminoxane. Polym. Int. 2011, 60, 692–697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.3008.
- Colamarco, E.; Milione, S.; Cuomo, C.; Grassi, A. Homo- and Copolymerization of Butadiene Catalyzed by an Bis(Imino)Pyridyl Vanadium Complex. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2004, 25, 450–454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200300022.
- Nobbs, J. D.; Tomov, A. K.; Cariou, R.; Gibson, V. C.; White, A. J. P.; Britovsek, G. J. P. Thio-Pybox and Thio-Phebox Complexes of Chromium, Iron, Cobalt and Nickel and Their Application in Ethylene and Butadiene Polymerisation Catalysis. Dalton Trans. 2012, 41, 5949–5964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2DT30324H.
- Ricci, G.; Zetta, L.; Alberti, E.; Motta, T.; Canetti, M.; Bertini, F. Butadiene-Isoprene Copolymerization with V(Acac)3-MAO. Crystalline and Amorphous Trans-1,4 Copolymers. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2007, 45, 4635–4646.22209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.
- Nakayama, Y.; Baba, Y.; Yasuda, H.; Kawakita, K.; Ueyama, N. Stereospecific Polymerizations of Conjugated Dienes by Single Site Iron Complexes Having Chelating N,N,N-Donor Ligands. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 7953–7958. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0300802.
- Bawn, C. E. H.; Cooper, D. G. T.; North, A. M. The Homogeneous Polymerization of Butadiene Catalysed by Rhodium Salts. Polymer 1966, 7, 113–124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(66)90071-1.
- Gong, D.; Wang, B.; Jia, X.; Zhang, X. The Enhanced Catalytic Performance of Cobalt Catalysts towards Butadiene Polymerization by Introducing a Labile Donor in a Salen Ligand. Dalton Trans. 2014, 43, 4169–4178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C3DT52708E.
- Liu, D.; Cui, D. Highly Trans-1,4 Selective (co-)polymerization of butadiene and isoprene with quinolyl anilido rare earth metal bis(alkyl) precursors. Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 7755–7761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C1DT10100E.
- Gong, D.; Wang, B.; Bai, C.; Bi, J.; Wang, F.; Dong, W.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, L. Metal Dependent Control of Cis-/Trans-1,4 Regioselectivity in 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes Supported by 2,6-Bis[1-(Iminophenyl)Ethyl]Pyridine. Polymer 2009, 50, 6259–6264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.054.
- He, A.; Huang, B.; Jiao, S.; Hu, Y. Synthesis of a High-Trans 1,4-Butadiene/Isoprene Copolymers with Supported Titanium Catalysts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89, 1800–1807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12216.
- Tatsumi, T.; Fukushima, T.; Imada, K.; Takayanagi, M. Crystallized State, Thickening Process, and Crystal Transformation of Single Crystal of Trans-1,4-Polybutadiene. Polymer 1967, 1, 459–483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222346708212852.
- Bermudez, S. F.; Fatou, J. M. Transitions in Bulk Crystallized Trans-1,4 Polybutadiene. Eur. Polym. J. 1972, 8, 575–583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(72)90134-6.
- Méndez-Hernández, M. L.; Rivera-Armenta, J. L.; Páramo-García, U.; Corona Galvan, S.; García-Alamilla, R.; Salazar-Cruz, B. A. Synthesis of High Cis-1,4-BR with Neodymium for the Manufacture of Tires. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2016, 2016, 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7239540.
- Taube, R.; Windisch, H.; Maiwald, S. The Catalysis of the Stereospecific Butadiene Polymerization by Allyl Nickel and Allyl Lanthanide complexes - A Mechanistic Comparison. Macromol. Macromol. Symp. 1995, 89, 393–409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950890137.
- Ricci, G.; Leone, G. Recent Advances in the Polymerization of Butadiene over the Last Decade. Polyolefins J. 2014, 1, 43–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22063/POJ.1999.890.
- Rong, W.; Liu, D.; Zuo, H.; Pan, Y.; Jian, Z.; Li, S.; Cui, D. Rare-Earth-Metal Complexes Bearing Phosphazene Ancillary Ligands: Structures and Catalysis toward Highly Trans-1,4-Selective (Co)Polymerizations of Conjugated Dienes. Organometallics 2013, 32, 1166–1175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/om300967h.
- Robert, D.; Spaniol, T. P.; Okuda, J. Neutral and Monocationic Half-Sandwich Methyl Rare-Earth Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization Catalysis. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 18, 2801–2809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200800040.
- Wang, D.; Li, S.; Liu, X.; Gao, W.; Cui, D. Thiophene-NPN Ligand Supported Rare-Earth Metal Bis(Alkyl) Complexes. Synthesis and Catalysis toward Highlytrans-1,4 Selective Polymerization of Butadiene. Organometallics 2008, 27, 6531–6538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/om800660j.
- Liu, X.; Li, W.; Niu, Q.; Wang, R.; He, A. Trans-1,4- Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene with MgCl2-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalyst I. Initial Polymerization Kinetic and Polymerization Mechanism. Polymer 2018, 140, 255–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.042.
- Soga, K. Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Olefin Polymerizations. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1997, 22, 1503–1546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00003-8.
- Huang, J. Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization: Mechanistic Insights from Metallocene Systems. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1995, 20, 459–526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(94)00039-5.
- Li, W.; Nie, H.; Shao, H.; Ren, H.; He, A. Synthesis, Chain Structures and Phase Morphologies of Trans-1,4-Poly(Butadiene-co-Isoprene) Copolymers. Polymer 2018, 156, 148–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.002.
- Zohuri, G.; Mohebat, R.; Jam Jah, R.; Ahmadjo, S. Low Cis Polymerization of Butadiene Using TiCl4 and Bisupported with SiO2/MgCl2(Ethoxide Type) /TiCl4 Catalysts. Rubber. Chem. Technol. 2004, 77, 736–744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547848.
- Gupta, V.; Singh, S.; Makwana, U.; Joseph, J.; Singala, K.; Rajesh, S.; Patel, V.; Yadav, M.; Singh, G. Spheroidal particles for olefin polymerization catalyst,US8633124B2, 2014.
- Kaur, S.; Naik, D.; Singh, G.; Patil, H.; Kothari, A.; Gupta, V. Poly(1‐Octene) Synthesis Using High Performance Supported Titanium Catalysts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 115, 229–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.31090.
- Pampaloni, G.; Ricci, G.; Sommazzi, A.; Guelfi, M.; Leone, G.; Masi, F. Bis-imine titanium complex, catalytic system comprising said bis-imine titanium complex and process for the (co)polymerization of conjugated dienes, US 20200247832. 2020.
- Kumawat, J.; Trivedi, P.; Gupta, V. Role of a Multidentate Carbonate Donor in MgCl2 Supported Ziegler − Natta Olefin Polymerization Catalysis: An Experimental and Computational Approach. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2019, 123, 24501–24510. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05405.
- Kumawat, J.; Gupta, V. K.; Vanka, K. Effect of Donors on the Activation Mechanism in Ziegler − Natta Catalysis: A Computational Study. ChemCatChem 2016, 8, 1809–1818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600281.
- Singh, G.; Kaur, S.; Makwana, U.; Patankar, R.; Gupta, V. Influence of Internal Donors on the Performance and Structure of MgCl2 Supported Titanium Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2009, 210, 69–76. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200800486.
- Makwana, U.; Singala, K.; Patankar, R.; Singh, S.; Gupta, V. Propylene Polymerization Using Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalyst Systems with Mixed Donors. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 125, 896–901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36239.
- Kumawat, J.; Vanka, K.; Gupta, V. Donor Decomposition by Lewis Acids in Ziegler–Natta Catalyst Systems: A Computational Investigation. Organometallics 2014, 33, 4357–4367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/om5001259.
- Binder, J. L. Analysis of Polybutadienes and Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers by Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 1954, 26, 1877–1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60096a006.
- Chumachenko, N.; Zakharov, V.; Bukatov, G.; Sergeev, S. A Study of the Formation Process of Titanium–Magnesium Catalyst for Propylene Polymerization. Appl. Catal, A. 2014, 469, 512–516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.10.031.
- Vittoria, A.; Meppelde, A.; Friederichs, N.; Busico, V.; Cipullo, R. Demystifying Ziegler–Natta Catalysts: The Origin of Stereoselectivity. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 4509–4518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b01232.
- Cui, X.; Bai, Q.; Ma, K.; Yang, M.; Liu, B. MgCl2-Supported Titanium Ziegler-Natta Catalyst Using Carbon Dioxide-Based Poly(Propylene Ether Carbonate) Diols as Internal Electron Donor for 1-Butene Polymerization. Polymers 2017, 9, 627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110627.
- Hollfelder, C.; Jende, L.; Diether, D.; Zelger, T.; Stauder, R.; Maichle-Mössmer, C.; Anwander, R. 1,3-Diene Polymerization Mediated by Homoleptic Tetramethylaluminates of the Rare-Earth Metals. Catalysts 2018, 8, 61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8020061.
- Liu, B.; Nitta, T.; Nakatani, H.; Terano, M. Specific Roles of Al-Alkyl Cocatalyst in the Origin of Isospecificity of Active Sites on Donor-Free TiCl4/MgCl2 Ziegler-Natta Catalyst. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2002, 203, 2412–2421. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200290022.
- Zakharov, V. P.; Mingaleev, V. Z.; Monakov, Y. B. Diffusion Control of Butadiene Polymerization on a Kinetically Nonuniform Titanium Catalyst. Dokl. Chem. 2008, 422, 245–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012500808100017.
- Glebova, N. N.; Kostitsyna, N. N.; Sharaev, O. K.; Yakovlev, V. A. The Kinetic Study of Butadiene Polymerization with a Cobalt-Containing Catalyst in Hexane. Polym. Sci. Ser. B. 2006, 48, 237–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S156009040609003X.
- Wang, X.; Kang, X.; Zhou, G.; Qu, J.; Hou, Z.; Luo, Y. DFT Studies on Cis-1,4-Polymerization of Dienes Catalyzed by a Cationic Rare-Earth Metal Complex Bearing an Ancillary PNP Ligand. Polymers 2017, 9, 53–15. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9020053.
- Stukalov, D.; Zakharov, V. Active Site Formation in MgCl2−Supported Ziegler − Natta Catalysts. A Density Functional Theory Study. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2009, 113, 21376–21382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp907812k.
- Shen, X.; Fu, Z.; Hu, J.; Wang, Q.; Fan, Z. Mechanism of Propylene Polymerization with MgCl2-Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts Based on Counting of Active Centers: The Role of External Electron Donor. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013, 117, 15174–15182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp404416n.
- Singh, G.; Vanka, K.; Gupta, V. DFT Study of Lewis Base Interactions with the MgCl2 Surface in the Ziegler − Natta Catalytic System: Expanding the Role of the Donors. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010, 114, 15771–15781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp106673b.
- Coutinho, F. M. B.; Rocha, T. C. J.; Mello, I. L.; Nunes, D. S. S.; Soares, B. G.; Costa, M. A. S. Effect of Electron Donors on 1,3-Butadiene Polymerization by a Ziegler–Natta Catalyst Based on Neodymium. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 98, 2539–2543. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22391.
- Zheng, W.; Yan, N.; Zhu, Y.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, H.; Bai, C.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, X. Highly Trans-1,4-Stereoselective Coordination Chain Transfer Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene and Copolymerization with Cyclic Esters by a Neodymium-Based Catalyst System. Polym. Chem. 2015, 6, 6088–6095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5PY00877H.