Militant internationalism and dogmatism among foreign policy elites: evidence from Russia, 1995–2016

References

• Bjereld, U., and A.-M. Ekengren. 1999. “Foreign Policy Dimensions: A Comparison between the United States and Sweden.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (3): 503–518. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslauer, G. W. 2009. “Observations on Russia’s Foreign Relations under Putin.” Post-Soviet Affairs 25 (4): 370–376. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, S., and K. Stenner. 1997. “Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology 18 (4): 741–770. doi:10.1111/pops.1997.18.issue-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadarian, S. K. 2010. “The Politics of Threat: How Terrorism News Shapes Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Journal of Politics 72 (2): 469–483. doi:10.1017/S0022381609990910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gel’man, V. 2008. “Party Politics in Russia: from Competition to Hierarchy.” Europe-Asia Studies 60 (6): 913–930. doi:10.1080/09668130802161165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, A. S., G. A. Huber, D. Doherty, C. M. Dowling, and S. E. Ha. 2010. “Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts.” American Political Science Review 104 (1): 111–133. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. 2011. “The Regional Roots of Electoral Authoritarianism in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 63 (4): 623–639. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.566427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, D. 2009. Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holsti, O. R. 1976. “Cognitive Process Approaches to Decision-Making: Foreign Policy Actors Viewed Psychologically.” American Behavioral Scientist 20 (1): 11–32. doi:10.1177/000276427602000103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsti, O. R. 1992. “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus.” International Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 439–466. doi:10.2307/2600734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsti, O. R., and J. N. Rosenau. 1990. “The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes among American Leaders.” Journal of Politics 52 (1): 94–125. doi:10.2307/2131421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., S. Feldman, C. Taber, and G. Lahav. 2005. “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 593–608. doi:10.1111/ajps.2005.49.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwitz, J., and M. Peffley. 1987. “How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model.” American Political Science Review 81 (4): 1099–1120. doi:10.2307/1962580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., J. Glaser, A. W. Kruglanski, and F. J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (3): 339–375. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmelmeier, M. 2007. “Political Conservatism, Rigidity, and Dogmatism in American Foreign Policy Officials: the 1966 Mennis Data.” Journal of Psychology 141 (1): 77–90. doi:10.3200/JRLP.141.1.77-90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertzer, J. D., K. E. Powers, B. C. Rathbun, and R. Iyer. 2014. “Moral Support: How Moral Values Shape Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Journal of Politics 76 (3): 825–840. doi:10.1017/S0022381614000073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidus, G. W. 2007. “Between Assertiveness and Insecurity: Russian Elite Attitudes and the Russia-Georgia Crisis.” Post-Soviet Affairs 23 (2): 138–155. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.23.2.138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, D. J. 1957. “Authoritarian Personality and Foreign Policy.” Conflict Resolution 1 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1177/002200275700100105.
   Google Scholar
• Maggiotto, M. A., and E. R. Wittkopf. 1981. “American Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy.” International Studies Quarterly 25 (4): 601–631. doi:10.2307/2600514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland, S. G., V. S. Ageyev, and M. A. Abalakina-Paap. 1992. “Authoritarianism in the Former Soviet Union.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (6): 1004–1010. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondak, J. J., and K. D. Halperin. 2008. “A Framework for the Study of Personality and Political Behaviour.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (2): 335–362. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthen, B. O. 1984. “A General Structural Equation Model with Dichotomous, Ordered Categorical, and Continuous Latent Variable Indicators.” Psychometrika 49 (1): 115–132. doi:10.1007/BF02294210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthen, L. K., and B. O. Muthen. 2012. Mplus User’s Guide. Los Angeles: Muthen & Muthen. http://www.statmodel.com.
   Google Scholar
• Peffley, M. A., and J. Hurwitz. 1992. “International Events and Foreign Policy Beliefs: Public Response to Changing Soviet-U.S. Relations.” American Journal of Political Science 36 (2): 431–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2018. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Rammstedt, B., and O. P. John. 2007. “Measuring Personality in One Minute or Less: A 10-item Short Version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German.” Journal of Research in Personality 41 (1): 203–212. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathbun, B. C. 2008. “Does One Right Make a Realist? Conservatism, Neoconservatism, and Isolationism in the Foreign Policy Ideology of American Elites.” Political Science Quarterly 123 (2): 271–299. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00625.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, B. 1993. “Psychology, Foreign Policy, and International Relations Theory.” Political Psychology 14 (3): 403–416. doi:10.2307/3791705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, S. W., P. M. Kozyreva, and E. G. Sarovskii. 2002. “Interviewing Political Elites: Lessons from Russia.” PS: Political Science and Politics 35 (4): 683–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach, M. 1954. “The Nature and Meaning of Dogmatism.” Psychological Review 61 (3): 194–204. doi:10.1037/h0060752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach, M. 1960. The Open and Closed Mind: Investigations into the Nature of Belief Systems and Personality Systems. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, R. Y., and B. I. Page. 1988. “Foreign Policy and the Rational Public.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 32 (2): 211–247. doi:10.1177/0022002788032002001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shleifer, A., and D. Treisman. 2011. “Why Moscow Says No: A Question of Russian Interests, Not Psychology.” Foreign Affairs 90 (1): 122–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolov, B., R. F. Inglehart, E. Ponarin, I. Vartanova, and W. Zimmerman. 2018. “Disillusionment and Anti-Americanism in Russia: from Pro-American to Anti-American Attitudes, 1993–2009.” International Studies Quarterly. doi:10.1093/isq/sqy013. June 26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. 2015. Stata Statistical Software. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. http://www.stata.com.
   Google Scholar
• Stenner, K. 2005. The Authoritarian Dynamic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tetlock, P. E. 1981. “Personality and Isolationism: Content Analysis of Senatorial Speeches.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 (4): 737–743. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troldahl, V. C., and F. A. Powell. 1965. “A Short-Form Dogmatism Scale for Use in Field Studies.” Social Forces 44 (2): 211–214. doi:10.1093/sf/44.2.211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsygankov, A. P. 2012. “Assessing Cultural and Regime-Based Explanations of Russia’s Foreign Policy. ‘authoritarian at Heart and Expansionist by Habit’?” Europe-Asia Studies 64 (4): 695–713. doi:10.1080/09668136.2012.671568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz, K. N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, D. M., and A. W. Kruglanski. 1994. “Individual Differences in Need for Cognitive Closure.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (6): 1049–1062. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham, H. 2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Wittkopf, E. R. 1990. Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, W. 2002. The Russian People and Foreign Policy: Russian Elite and Mass Perspectives, 1993–2000. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, W., S. W. Rivera, and K. Kalinin. 2019. Survey of Russian Elites, Moscow, Russia, 1993–2016. ICPSR03724-v6. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. September 11. doi:10.3886/ICPSR03724.v6.
   Google Scholar