Quadruple stacking of macrocyclic viologen radical-cations

References

• Atwood, J.L. ; Steed, J.W. Supramolecular Chemistry ; Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• For a recent commentary on the interactions between aromatic species see: Martinez, C.R. ; Iverson, B.L. Chem. Sci. 2012, 3 , 2191–2201.10.1039/c2sc20045g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, L. ; Olson, M.A. ; Benítez, D. ; Tkatchouk, E. ; Goddard, W.A., III ; Stoddart, J.F. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39 , 17–29.10.1039/B917901A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk, P.M.S. The Viologens: Physicochemical Properties, Synthesis and Applications of the Salts of 4,4’-bipyridine ; Wiley, Chichester, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Frasconi, M. ; Fernando, I.R. ; Wu, Y. ; Liu, Z. ; Liu, W.G. ; Dyar, S.M. ; Barin, G. ; Wasielewski, M.R. ; Goddard, W.A., III ; Stoddart, J.F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 , 11057–11068.10.1021/jacs.5b05618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosower, E.M. ; Cotter, J.L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86 , 5524–5527.10.1021/ja01078a026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) Fahrenbach, A.C. ; Sampath, S. ; Late, D.J. ; Barnes, J.C. ; Kleinman, S.L. ; Valley, N. ; Hartlieb, K.J. ; Liu, Z. ; Dravid, V.P. ; Schatz, G.C. ; Van Duyne, R.P. ; Stoddart, J.F. ACS Nano 2012, 6 , 9964–9971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Leblanc, N. ; Mercier, N. ; Toma, O. ; Kassiba, A.H. ; Zorina, L. ; Auban-Senzier, P. ; Pasquier, C. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49 , 10272–10274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. ; Frasconi, M. ; Liu, W.G. ; Liu, Z. ; Sarjeant, A.A. ; Nassar, M.S. ; Botros, Y.Y. ; Goddard, W.A., III ; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137 , 876–885.10.1021/ja5111305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. ; Singha, N. ; Pramanik, B. ; Mondal, J.H. ; Das, D. Polym. Chem. 2016, 7 , 4393–4401.10.1039/C6PY00809G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berville, M. ; Karmazin, L. ; Wytko, J.A. ; Weiss, J. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51 , 15772–15775.10.1039/C5CC06041A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) Colvin, M.T. ; Cotí, K.K. ; Benítez, D. ; Tkatchouk, E. ; Olsen, J.C. ; Belowich, M.E. ; Carmielli, R. ; Khatib, H.A. ; Goddard, W.A., III ; Wasielewski, M.R. ; Stoddart, J.F. Nat. Chem. 2010, 1 , 42–49.
   Google Scholar
  (b) Fernando, I.R. ; Frasconi, M. ; Wu, Y. ; Liu, W.-G. ; Wasielewski, M.R. ; Goddard, W.A., III ; Stoddart, J.F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138 , 10214–10225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odell, B. ; Reddington, M.V. ; Slawin, A.M.Z. ; Spencer, N. ; Stoddart, J.F. ; Williams, D.J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1988, 27 , 1547–1550.10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philp, D. ; Slawin, A.M.Z. ; Spencer, N. ; Stoddart, J.F. ; Williams, D.J. Chem. Commun. 1991, 1584–1586.
   Google Scholar
• (a) Chen, L. ; Willcock, H. ; Wedge, C.J. ; Hartl, F. ; Colquhoun, H.M. ; Greenland, B.W. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14 , 980–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Chen, L. ; Hartl, F. ; Colquhoun, H.M. ; Greenland, B.W. Tetrahedron Lett. 2017, 58 , 1859–988.
   Google Scholar
• Colquhoun, H.M. ; Greenland, B.W. ; Zhu, Z. ; Shaw, J.S. ; Cardin, C.J. ; Burattini, S. ; Elliott, J.M. ; Basu, S. ; Gasa, T.B. ; Stoddart, J.F. Org. Lett. 2009, 11 , 5238–5241.10.1021/ol9021782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• For more recent work on structurally related oligo viologen type systems see: (a) Zhan, T.-G. ; Zhou, T.-Y. ; Lin, F. ; Zhang, L. ; Zhou, C. ; Qi, Q.-Y. ; Li, Z.-T. ; Zhao, X. Org. Chem. Front. 2016, 3 , 1635–1645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  . (b) Song, Y. ; Huang, X. ; Hua, H. ; Wang, Q. Dyes Pigm. 2017, 137 , 229–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquhoun, H.M. ; Williams, D.J. ; Zhu, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124 , 13346–13347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanasawa, M. ; Miwa, M. ; Hirai, M. ; Kuwabara, T. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65 , 593–595.10.1021/jo990911v
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbo, R. ; Albalat, R. ; Claret, J. ; Orts, J.M. ; Rodes, A. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 424 , 185–196.10.1016/S0022-0728(96)04916-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem, M.M.M. ; Wilson, M.T. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1987, 137 , 139–143.10.1016/S0020-1693(00)81156-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, W.W. ; Vaid, T.P. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70 , 5028–5035.10.1021/jo050328 g
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockman, T.M. ; Kochi, J.K. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55 , 4127–4135.10.1021/jo00300a033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahrenbach, A.C. ; Barnes, J.C. ; Lanfranchi, D.A. ; Li, H. ; Coskun, A. ; Gassensmith, J.J. ; Liu, Z. ; Benítez, D. ; Trabolsi, A. ; Goddard, W.A., III ; Elhabiri, M. ; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134 , 3061–3072.10.1021/ja2089603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spek, A.L. Acta Cryst. 2015, C71 , 9–18.
   Google Scholar
• (a). McKinnon, J.J. ; Spackman, M.A. ; Mitchell, A.S. Acta Cryst. B 2004, 60 , 627–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Spek, A.L. Acta Cryst. 2015, C71 , 9–18.
   Google Scholar
• CrysAlisPro ; Agilent Technologies ; Yarnton, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldrick, G.M. Acta Cryst. 2015, C71 , 3–8.
   Google Scholar
• (a) Betteridge, P.W. ; Carruthers, J.R. ; Cooper, R.I. ; Prout, K. ; Watkin, D.J. J. Appl. Cryst. 2003, 36 , 1487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Parois, P. ; Cooper, R.I. ; Thompson, A.L. Chem. Cent. J. 2015, 9 , 30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar