The Absent Family and the Education among Contemporary Tibetan Students

References

• Amato, P. R. 2001. Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology : JFP : Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) 15 (3):355–70. doi:10.1037//0893-3200.15.3.355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangsbo, E. 2008. Schooling for knowledge and cultural survival: Tibetan community schools in nomadic herding areas. Educational Review 60 (1):69–84. doi:10.1080/00131910701794598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, G. H., and G. A. Postiglione. 2012. China’s language policy for indigenous and minority education. In China’s assimilationist language policy: The impact on indigenous/minority literacy and social harmony, ed. G. H. Beckett and G. A. Postiglione, 3–17. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Black, S. E., P. J. Devereux, and K. G. Salvanes. 2005. The more the merrier? The effect of family size and birth order on children’s education. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120 (2):669–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, J. 1989. Family size and achievement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks-Gunn, J., and G. J. Duncan. 1997. The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children 7 (2):55–71. doi:10.2307/1602387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchmann, C., and E. Hannum. 2001. Education and stratification in developing countries: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1):77–102. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calarco, J. M. 2018. Negotiating opportunities: How the middle class secures advantages in school. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, E., K. A. Matthews, and W. T. Boyce. 2002. Socioeconomic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin 128 (2):295–329. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger, R. D., K. J. Conger, and M. J. Martin. 2010. Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and the Family 72 (3):685–704. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deterding, N. M., and M. C. Waters. 2021. Flexible coding of in-depth interviews: A twenty-first century approach. Sociological Methods & Research 50 (2):708–39. doi:10.1177/0049124118799377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essex, M. J., H. C. Kraemer, J. M. Armstrong, W. T. Boyce, H. H. Goldsmith, M. H. Klein, H. Woodward, and D. J. Kupfer. 2006. Exploring risk factors for the emergence of children’s mental health problems. Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (11):1246–56. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannum, E. 2000. Opportunity lost: Rural children and educational opportunity in reform era China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Hannum, E. 2002. Educational stratification by ethnicity in China: Enrollment and attainment in the early reform years. Demography 39 (1):95–117. doi:10.1353/dem.2002.0005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., M. Rosenberg, and Y. Wang. 2018. Is extreme climate or moderate climate more conducive to longevity in China? International Journal of Biometeorology 62 (6):971–7. doi:10.1007/s00484-018-1499-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, G. A., G. Turrell, J. W. Lynch, S. A. Everson, E. L. Helkala, and J. T. Salonen. 2001. Childhood socioeconomic position and cognitive function in adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology 30 (2):256–63. doi:10.1093/ije/30.2.256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipnis, A. 2011. Governing educational desire. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krein, S. F., and A. H. Beller. 1988. Educational attainment of children from single-parent families: Differences by exposure, gender, and race. Demography 25 (2):221–34. doi:10.2307/2061290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lareau, A. 2011. Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q., L. An, J. Tan, C. Zheng, M. Yang, and C. Gong. 2017. School dropout, ethnicity and religion: Evidence from western rural China. The Chinese Economy 50 (3):193–204. doi:10.1080/10971475.2017.1297655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockheed, M. E., B. Fuller, and R. Nyirongo. 1989. Family effects on students’ achievement in Thailand and Malawi. Sociology of Education 62 (4):239–55. doi:10.2307/2112829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnuson, K., and L. M. Berger. 2009. Family structure states and transitions: Associations with children’s well-being during middle childhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family 71 (3):575–91. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00620.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki, C. K., and M. K. Demaray. 2006. Social support as a buffer in the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance. School Psychology Quarterly 21 (4):375–95. doi:10.1037/h0084129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, M. A. 2012. Family structure and the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage. Social Science Research 41 (1):33–47. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei, H., Q. Jiang, Y. Xiang, and X. Song. 2015. School consolidation: Whither China’s rural education? Asian Social Work and Policy Review 9 (2):138–50. doi:10.1111/aswp.12053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, P., G. J. Duncan, and E. Clark-Kauffman. 2005. Child well-being in an era of welfare reform: The sensitivity of transitions in development to policy change. Developmental Psychology 41 (6):919–32. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble, K. G., S. M. Houston, N. H. Brito, H. Bartsch, E. Kan, J. M. Kuperman, N. Akshoomoff, D. G. Amaral, C. S. Bloss, O. Libiger, et al. 2015. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nature Neuroscience 18 (5):773–8. doi:10.1038/nn.3983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padma-Lhundrup. 2012. A research report on the development of bilingual education in the nomadic areas of Qinghai Province (in Chinese). N. W. Journal of Ethnology 1:14–28. doi:10.16486/j.cnki.62-1035/d.2012.01.003.
   Google Scholar
• Parish, W. L., and R. J. Willis. 1993. Daughters, education, and family budgets: Taiwan experiences. The Journal of Human Resources 28 (4):863–98. doi:10.2307/146296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pong, S.-L. 1997. Sibship size and educational attainment in Peninsular Malaysia: Do policies matter? Sociological Perspectives : SP : Official Publication of the Pacific Sociological Association 40 (2):227–42. doi:10.2307/1389523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postiglione, G. A. 2008. Making Tibetans in China: The educational challenges of harmonious multiculturalism. Educational Review 60 (1):1–20. doi:10.1080/00131910701794481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postiglione, G. A. 2009. Dislocated education: The case of Tibet. Comparative Education Review 53 (4):483–512. doi:10.1086/603616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postiglione, G. A. 2013. China’s national minority education: Culture, schooling, and development. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Postiglione, G. A., and B. Jiao. 2009. Tibet’s relocated schooling: Popularization reconsidered. Asian Survey 49 (5):895–914. doi:10.1525/as.2009.49.5.895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postiglione, G. A., B. Jiao, and S. Gyatso. 2005. Education in rural Tibet: Development, problems and adaptations. China: An International Journal 3 (1):1–23. doi:10.1353/chn.2005.0004.
   Google Scholar
• Powers, J. 2007. Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism. New York: Snow Lion.
   Google Scholar
• Raviv, T., M. Kessenich, and F. J. Morrison. 2004. A mediational model of the association between socioeconomic status and three-year-old language abilities: The role of parenting factors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 19 (4):528–47. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2004.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarsour, K., M. Sheridan, D. Jutte, A. Nuru-Jeter, S. Hinshaw, and W. T. Boyce. 2011. Family socioeconomic status and child executive functions: The roles of language, home environment, and single parenthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS 17 (1):120–32. doi:10.1017/S1355617710001335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer, J. A. 1994. Consequences of marital dissolution for children. Annual Review of Sociology 20 (1):235–66. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stash, S., and E. Hannum. 2001. Who goes to school? Educational stratification by gender, caste and ethnicity in Nepal. Comparative Education Review 45 (3):354–78. doi:10.1086/447676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiaoying, L., Q. Jiamin, Y. Wen, P. S. Craig, C. Xingwang, X. Ning, A. Ito, P. Giraudoux, M. Wulamu, Y. Wen, et al. 2005. Echinococcosis in Tibetan populations, western Sichuan Province, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (12):1866–73. doi:10.3201/eid1112.050079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, L. Q., and Y. S. Zhou. 2023. Disenchantment revisited: School life in Northwest China. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 44 (4):477–94. doi:10.1080/01596306.2021.2006149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toutkoushian, R. K., and T. Curtis. 2005. Effects of socioeconomic factors on public high school outcomes and rankings. The Journal of Educational Research 98 (5):259–71. doi:10.3200/JOER.98.5.259-271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., and Q. Zhou. 2003. Minority education in China: From state’s preferential policies to dislocated Tibetan schools. Educational Studies 29 (1):85–104. doi:10.1080/03055690303267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T. 2007. Preferential policies for ethnic minority students in China’s college/university admission. Asian Ethnicity 8 (2):149–63.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J. 2012. Disenchantment and participatory limits of compulsory education: Lessons from Southwest China. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 42 (4):621–45. doi:10.1080/03057925.2012.672254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., C. M. Schimmele, and F. Hou. 2015. Family structure, academic characteristics, and postsecondary education. Family Relations 64 (2):205–20. doi:10.1111/fare.12112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M. 2017. Learning to be Tibetan: The construction of ethnic identity at Minzu University of China. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M. 2019. From dislocated to local: Policy implications of “educational aid for Tibet.” Asian Studies Review 43 (1):94–113. doi:10.1080/10357823.2018.1552657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., and L. T. H. Tsung. 2019. Tibetan bilingual education in Qinghai: Government policy vs family language practice. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22 (3):290–302. doi:10.1080/13670050.2018.1503226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar