The effects of age and fear of pain on attentional and memory biases relating to pain and falls

References

• Arfken , CL , Lach , HW , Birge , SJ and Miller , JP . (1994) . The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community . American Journal of Public Health , 84 : 565 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson , GJG , Kuperos , JL and Norton , GR . (1997) . Do patients with chronic pain selectively attend to pain-related information? Preliminary evidence for the mediating role of fear . Pain , 72 : 27 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson , GJG , Norton , PJ and Norton , GR . (1999) . Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity . Clinical Psychological Review , 19 : 97 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A . (1982) . Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency . American Psychologist , 37 : 122 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , DG , Devine , A and Prince , RL . (2002) . Recreational physical activity levels in healthy older women: The importance of fear of falling . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 50 : 84 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chibnall , JT and Tait , RC . (2001) . Pain assessment in cognitively impaired and unimpaired older adults: A comparison of four scales . Pain , 92 : 173 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , DM . (1986) . A cognitive approach to panic . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 24 : 461 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombez , G , Hermans , D and Adriaensen , H . (2000) . The emotional Stroop task and chronic pain: What is threatening for chronic pain sufferers? . European Journal of Pain , 4 : 37 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming , RG , Salkeld , G , Thomas , M and Szonyi , G . (2000) . Prospective study of the impact fear of falling on activities of daily living, SF-36 scores, and nursing home admission. Journals of Gerontology. Series A . Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 55A : M299 – M305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish , T , Taghavi , R , Neshat-Doost , H , Moradi , A , Cantebury , R and Yule , W . (2003) . Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychology , 32 : 10 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani , M , Sharpe , L and Nicholas , MK . (2003) . Selective attention to pain-related information in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients . Pain , 105 : 37 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccleston , C and Crombez , G . (1999) . Pain demands attention: A cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain . Psychological Bulletin , 125 : 356 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , LC , Pearce , SA and Beard , RW . (1995) . Remediation of pain-related memory bias as a result of recovery from chronic pain . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 39 : 175 – 181 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards , LC , Pearce , SA , Collett , BJ and Pugh , R . (1992) . Selective memory for sensory and affective information in chronic pain and depression . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 31 (part 2) : 239 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrell , BA , Stein , WM and Beck , JC . (2000) . The Geriatric Pain Measure: Validity, reliability, and factor analysis . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 48 : 1669 – 1973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , MF , Folstein , SE and McHugh , PR . (1975) . “Mini-Mental State”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliese , L and Melzack , R . (1997) . Chronic pain in elderly people . Pain , 70 : 3 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher , RM , Verma , S and Mossey , J . (2000) . Chronic pain: Sources of late-life pain and risk factors for disability . Geriatrics , 55 : 40 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold , DT and Roberto , KA . (2000) . Correlates and consequences of chronic pain in older adults . Geriatric Nursing , 21 : 270 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howland , J , Lachman , ME , Peterson , EW , Cote , J , Kasten , L and Jette , A . (1998) . Covariates of fear of falling and associated activity curtailment . Gerontologist , 38 : 549 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howland , J , Peterson , EW , Levin , WC , Fried , L , Pordon , D and Bak , S . (1993) . Fear of falling among the community-dwelling elderly . Journal of Aging Health , 5 : 229 – 243 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen , MP , Miller , L and Fisher , LD . (1998) . Assessment of pain during medical procedures: A comparison of three scales . Clinical Journal of Pain , 14 : 343 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keogh , E , Ellery , D , Hunt , C and Hannent , I . (2001) . Selective attentional bias for pain-related stimuli amongst pain fearful individuals . Pain , 91 : 91 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keogh , E , Thompson , T and Hannent , I . (2003) . Selective attentional bias, conscious awareness and the fear of pain . Pain , 104 : 85 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak MD (1995) Neuropsychological assessment (3rd edition) New York Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Martin R Hadjistavropoulos T (2003) Are fear of pain and fear of falling distinct constructs and age-specific concerns? Paper presented at the 2003 Convention of the Canadian Association of Gerontology Toronto CAN
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , TD , Lassiter , K and Habedank , H . (2001) . Validity of two brief measures: The General Abilities Measure for Adults and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 92 : 881 – 887 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil , DW and Rainwater , AJIII . (1998) . Development of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire – III . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 21 : 389 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNemar Q (1962) Psychological statistics New York Wiley
   Google Scholar
• Myers , AM , Fletcher , PC , Myers , AH and Sherk , W . (1998) . Discriminative and evaluative properties of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale . Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences , 53A : M287 – M294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novara , C and Sanavio , E . (2001) . Compulsive checking and selective processing of threatening information . Psychological Reports , 88 : 1171 – 1181 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens , KB , Asmundson , GJG , Hadjistavropoulos , T and Owens , TJ . (2004) . Attentional bias toward illness threat in individuals with elevated health anxiety . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 28 : 57 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens TJ Owens KMB (2002) The Modified Stroop Paradigm (Version 1.1) [Computer software] Regina Saskatchewan Author
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , J and Morley , S . (1989) . An experimental investigation of the construct validity of the McGill Pain Questionnaire . Pain , 39 : 115 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus , T , Fraser , L and Pearce , S . (1998) . Do chronic pain patients ‘Stroop’ on pain stimuli? . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 37 : 49 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus , T and Morley , S . (2001) . Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: A review and integration . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 599 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus , T , Pearce , S , McClelland , A and Turner-Stokes , L . (1993) . Self-referential selective memory in pain patients . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 : 365 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , LE and Myers , AM . (1995) . The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale . Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. , 50A : M28 – M34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , LS . (1977) . The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelofs , J , Peters , ML and Vlaeyen , JWS . (2002) . Selective attention for pain-related information in healthy individuals: The role of pain and fear . European Journal of Pain , 6 : 331 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelofs , J , Peters , ML and Vlaeyen , JWS . (2003) . The modified Stroop paradignm as a measure of selective attention towards pain-related information in patients with chronic low back pain . Psychological Reports , 92 : 707 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis , PM . (1989) . Cognitive-behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 27 : 683 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Shipley , WC . (1940) . A self-administering scale for measuring intellectual impairment and deterioration . Journal of Psychology , 9 : 371 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snider , BS , Asmundson , GJG and Wiese , KC . (2000) . Automatic and strategic processing of threat cues in patients with chronic pain: A modified Stroop evaluation . Clinical Journal of Pain , 16 : 144 – 154 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spielberger CD Gorsuch RL Lushene RE (1970) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Palo Alto CA Consulting Psychologists Press
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick BG Fidell LS (1989) Using multivariate statistics (2nd edition) New York HarperCollins Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Tinetti , ME , Richman , D and Powell , L . (1990) . Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling . Journals of Gerontology , 45 : P239 – 243 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tombaugh , TN , McDowell , I , Kristiansson , B and Hubley , AM . (1996) . Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Modified MMSE (3MS): A psychometric comparison and normative data . Psychological Assessment , 8 : 48 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh , TN and McIntyre , NJ . (1992) . The Mini-Mental State Examination: A comprehensive review . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 40 : 922 – 935 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellas , BJ , Wayne , SJ , Romero , LJ , Baumgartner , RN and Garry , PJ . (1997) . Fear of falling and restriction of mobility in elderly fallers . Age and Ageing , 26 : 189 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen , JWS and Linton , SJ . (2000) . Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A state of the art . Pain , 85 : 317 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijeratne , C , Shome , S , Hickie , I and Koschera , A . (2001) . An age-based comparison of chronic pain patients . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 : 477 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , JMG , Mathews , A and MacLeod , C . (1996) . The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 3 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar